Table 2.
Characteristics of Study Participants by Level of Child Emotional Functioninga
| Characteristic | Inappropriate Self Regulation | Distress Proneness | Behavioral Inhibition | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High (n=64) |
Low (n=336) |
p-valueb | High (n=13) |
Low (n=387) |
p-value | High (n=62) |
Low (n=338) |
p-value | |
| Adulthood Inflammation | |||||||||
| Adult C-reactive protein, mg/L | 2.3 (2.4) | 1.6 (1.9) | 0.009 | 2.9 (3.1) | 1.7 (2.0) | 0.04 | 1.3 (1.4) | 1.8 (2.1) | 0.01 |
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Site, Boston, n (%) | 49 (76.6) | 166 (49.4) | <0.001 | 8 (61.5) | 207 (53.5) | 0.57 | 37 (59.7) | 178 (52.7) | 0.31 |
| Age, years | 42.1 (1.7) | 42.3 (1.8) | 0.67 | 41.5 (1.7) | 42.3 (1.8) | 0.15 | 42.5 (1.8) | 42.2 (1.8) | 0.16 |
| Race, not white, n (%) | 12 (18.8) | 70 (21.0) | 0.69 | 3 (23.1) | 79 (20.5) | 0.82 | 11 (18.0) | 71 (21.1) | 0.59 |
| Gender, female, n (%) | 28 (43.8) | 206 (61.3) | 0.009 | 4 (30.8) | 230 (59.4) | 0.04 | 44 (71.0) | 190 (56.2) | 0.03 |
| Childhood Factors | |||||||||
| Born small for gestational age, n (%) | 7 (10.9) | 34 (10.2) | 0.86 | 1 (7.7) | 40 (10.4) | 0.75 | 2 (3.2) | 39 (11.6) | 0.05 |
| Childhood body mass index, kg/m2 | 16.6 (1.7) | 16.0 (1.6) | 0.007 | 16.0 (1.1) | 16.1 (1.6) | 0.83 | 15.7 (1.1) | 16.1 (1.7) | 0.01 |
| Childhood full scale IQ | 107.3 (14.0) | 100.5 (13.7) | <0.001 | 106.2 (13.3) | 101.4 (13.7) | 0.22 | 95.2 (12.8) | 102.8 (13.5) | <0.001 |
| Childhood chronic condition, n (%) | 11 (17.2) | 61 (18.2) | 0.85 | 2 (15.4) | 70 (18.1) | 0.80 | 10 (16.1) | 62 (18.4) | 0.67 |
| Childhood socioeconomic index | 62.6 (24.0) | 52.4 (22.3) | <0.001 | 55.9 (29.2) | 54.0 (22.7) | 0.77 | 53.7 (22.4) | 54.2 (23.0) | 0.89 |
| Adulthood Factors | |||||||||
| Adulthood current smoker, n (%) | 14 (22.2) | 88 (26.5) | 0.48 | 4 (30.8) | 98 (25.7) | 0.68 | 16 (26.2) | 86 (25.8) | 0.94 |
| Adulthood depressive symptoms, CES-D | 1.5 (0.46) | 1.6 (0.56) | 0.15 | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.6) | 0.88 | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.6) | 0.62 |
| Adulthood education, < High School, n (%) | 1 (1.6) | 22 (6.6) | 0.09 | 1 (7.7) | 22 (5.8) | 0.38 | 5 (8.3) | 18 (5.4) | 0.31 |
| Adulthood body mass index, kg/m2 | 32.1 (9.8) | 28.7 (7.0) | 0.01 | 32.9 (6.7) | 29.1 (7.6) | 0.08 | 28.0 (6.2) | 29.4 (7.8) | 0.11 |
a
Cell entries are n(column percents)/means(SD) for categorical/continuous variables. Column percents reflect the percent of the characteristic within each level of emotional functioning.
b
P-values correspond to chi square/independent t-tests for categorical/continuous variables
IQ=intelligence quotient; CES-D=Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale