Table 4.

Impact of Cry1Ab, Cry3Bb1, GNA, and potassium arsenate on larval development time, larval mortality, and adult dry weight of Adalia bipunctata

Food solution	Larval mortality (%)	Larval development (days ± SE)	Pupal mortality (%)	Pupal development (days ± SE)	Adult dry weight (μg ± SE)
					Female	Male
Sucrose	15.0	11.9 ± 0.20	0	4.2 ± 0.09	3.4 ± 0.21	3.1 ± 0.15
Sucrose + Cry1Ab	20.6	11.7 ± 0.14	3.7	4.2 ± 0.09	3.4 ± 0.12	2.8 ± 0.10
Sucrose + Cry3Bb1	17.1	11.8 ± 0.17	0	4.2 ± 0.06	3.2 ± 0.14	2.9 ± 0.10
Sucrose + GNA	26.3	12.9 ± 0.22*	0	4.1 ± 0.13	3.2 ± 0.09	2.4 ± 0.10*
Sucrose + potassium arsenate	90.0*	16.7 ± 0.75*	50.0*	4.2 ± 0.25	1.9 ± 0.10	–a

The experiment was started with 34–41 larvae per treatment. Larvae were fed a 2 M sucrose solution containing either one of four different insecticidal compounds or a pure sucrose solution (negative control) on the first day of each larval stage. Subsequently, larvae were fed ad libitum exclusively with Ephestia kuehniella eggs to support their development. Test compounds were dissolved in the sucrose solution at the following concentrations: Cry1Ab (45 μg ml⁻¹), Cry3Bb1 (200 μg ml⁻¹), GNA (10,000 μg ml⁻¹), potassium arsenate (300 μg ml⁻¹)

Means that differed significantly from the control (sucrose) are marked with an asterisk (P < 0.05; pairwise comparisons between the control and the insecticidal solutions using Student’s t-test for development time and dry weight, and Chi-square test for mortality). The sequential Bonferroni procedure was applied to account for four pairwise comparisons

^aNo male emerged from the sucrose + potassium arsenate treatment