Table 1.

Summary of treatment studies.

Authors Year	N	Age (in years)	Diagnosis or Symptom Clusters	Treatment Conditions	Results
Kendall (1994)[23]	47	9–13	OAD, SAD, AD	CBT WL	CBT was superior to WL
Barrett et al. (1996)[53]	79	7–14	SAD, OAD, SOC	CBT CBT + family treatment WL	Both treatments were better than WL. Some measures showed marginal improvements with addition of family treatment component.
Kendall & Southam-Gerow (1996)[52]	36	11–18	OAD, SAD, AD	CBT – follow-up study	Treatment gains were generally maintained after approximately 3 years.
Kendall et al. (1997)[38]	94	9–13	OAD, SAD, AD	CBT WL	CBT was superior to WL
Kendall & Sugarman (1997) [54]	190	8–14	OAD, SAD, AD	Examined termination in CBT	Termination more likely for ethnic minority children, children who were less anxious, and children living in a single-parent household.
Barrett (1998)[55]	60	7–14	SAD, OAD, SOC	CBT – group CBT + family treatment – group WL	Both treatments were better than WL. Some measures showed marginal improvements with addition of family treatment component.
Cobham et al. (1998)[56]	67	7–14	SAD, OAD, GAD, SPEC, SOC, AG	CBT CBT + family treatment	The addition of family treatment was beneficial only in cases in which there was significant parental anxiety.
De Haan et al. (1998)[57]	22	8–18	OCD	BT Clomipramine	BT was superior to clomipramine on some measures; on others the two treatments were not different.
King et al. (1998)[58]	34	5–15	School refusal	CBT + parent and teacher training WL	CBT was superior to WL.
Last et al. (1998)[59]	56	6–17	School refusal	CBT Attention control treatment	Both treatments were effective; no differences between treatments.
Muris et al. (1998)[60]	26	8–17	SPEC	EMDR - In-vivo exposure Computerized exposure	In vivo-exposure superior to computerized exposure and EMDR.
Mendlowitz et al. (1999)[61]	62	7–12	Any anxiety disorder	CBT- parent only CBT – child only CBT – parent + child	All treatments were effective; some benefits with parental involvement.
Silverman et al. (1999)[62]	81	6–16	SPEC, SOC, AG	Exposure based self control treatment Exposure based contingency management treatment Education support	All groups showed improvement.
Silverman et al. (1999)[63]	56	6–16	GAD, SOC, OAD	CBT – Group WL	CBT superior to WL.
Beidel et al. (2000)[64]	67	8–12	SOC	CBT Active, non-specific treatment	CBT was superior to non-specific treatment.
Berman et al. (2000)[65]	106	6–17	SPEC, OAD, SOC, GAD, AG	CBT	Best predictors of treatment outcome were child’s pretreatment levels of anxiety and depression and parental depression, hostility, and paranoia; however, effects of parental psychopathology were weaker for older children.
Flannery-Schroeder & Kendall (2000)[66]	37	8–14	GAD, SAD, SOC	CBT – Individual CBT – Group WL	Most measures suggested that both CBT treatments were better than WL but not different than each other.
Hayward et al. (2000)[67]	35	13–17	SOC	CBT – Group No treatment control	CBT was more effective than no treatment at posttreatment but not at 1 year follow-up. CBT did seem to decrease risk of relapse of depression for those who had already experienced a major depressive episode
King et al. (2000)[68]	36	5–17	PTSD	CBT CBT + family treatment WL	Both treatments were superior to WL but the additional family treatment did not add significant benefit.
Spence et al. (2000)[69]	50	7–14	SOC	CBT CBT + family treatment WL	Both treatments were superior to WL but the additional family treatment did not add significant benefit. Treatment gains were generally maintained after approximately 1 year.
Barrett et al. (2001)[70]	52	13–21	SAD, OAD, SOC	CBT CBT + family treatment – follow-up study	Treatment gains were generally maintained after approximately 6 years. Most measures did not show differences between the two treatments.
Kendall et al. (2001)[71]	173	8–13	GAD, SOC, SAD	Examined comorbidity in CBT and WL	Comorbidity did not predict treatment outcome or interact with treatment group.
Muris et al. (2001)[72]	36	8–13	GAD, SAD, SOC, OCD	CBT CBT – Group	Treatments were about equally effective.
Ost et al. (2001)[73]	60	7–17	SPEC	CBT CBT + Parent WL	Both treatments were effective but not different than one another; treatment gains maintained at approximately 1 year.
Shortt et al. (2001)[39]	71	6–10	SAD, SOC, GAD	CBT + family treatment –group WL	CBT was superior to WL
Southam-Gerow et al. (2001)[74]	135	7–15	SAD, GAD, SOC, AD	Examined correlates of outcome in CBT	Poorer treatment outcome was related to older age at treatment, more internalizing symptoms at pretreatment, and higher levels of maternal depression. Most demographic variables did not predict outcome.
Waters et al. (2001)[75]	7	10–14	OCD	CBT + family treatment	Six of the seven youth were diagnosis free at posttreatment.
Ginsburg & Drake (2002)[22]	9	14–17	Any anxiety disorder except PTSD or OCD	CBT Attention Control Placebo	CBT was superior to placebo.
Heyne et al. (2002)[76]	61	7–14	Anxiety-based school refusal	CBT Parent and teacher training CBT + Parent and teacher training	All treatments were effective but CBT for the child only was not as good at increasing school attendance in the short-term. The combined treatment did not result in a significant benefit.
Manassis et al. (2002)[77]	78	8–12	GAD, SAD, SPEC, SOC, PD	CBT CBT – Group	Few differences between the two treatments.
Muris et al. (2002)[78]	30	9–12	SAD, GAD, SOC	CBT – Group Emotional disclosure WL	CBT superior to emotional disclosure and WL; emotional disclosure and WL did not result in significant improvements.
Nauta et al. (2003)[79]	79	7–18	SAD, SOC, GAD, PD	CBT CBT + family treatment WL	CBT treatments were both superior to WL.
Pina et al. (2003)[80]	131	6–16	SPEC, SOC, AG, GAD, OAD	Examined ethnicity as a predictor of treatment outcome in CBT	Treatment outcomes and maintenance of treatment gains were similar for Latino and European-American youth.
Rapee (2003)[81]	165	7–16	SAD, GAD, SOC, SPEC, OCD, PD	CBT + family treatment -Group	Treatment was about equally effective for youth with or without comorbid disorders.
Barrett et al. (2004)[82]	77	7–17	OCD	CBT + family treatment – Individual CBT + family treatment - Group WL	Both treatments were effective but not different than one another.
Flannery-Schroder et al (2004)[83]	38	15–22	GAD, SAD, AD either with or without a comorbid externalizing disorder	CBT –follow-up study	Treatment was about equally effective for both those with and without an externalizing disorder at approximately 7 ½ years.
Gallagher et al. (2004)[84]	23	8–11	SOC	CBT – Group WL	Treatment was effective even through it was abbreviated (3 weeks).
Kendall et al. (2004)[85]	86	15–22	OAD, SAD, AD	CBT – follow-up study	Treatment gains were generally maintained after approximately 7 ½ years.
Manassis et al. (2004)[86]	43	Mean = 16.5	Any anxiety disorder	CBT – follow-up study	Males, youth diagnosed with GAD, and those with less severe anxiety at pretreatment had better outcomes at 6–7 year follow-up.
POTS Team (2004)[87]	112	7–17	OCD	CBT Sertraline, CBT + sertraline Pill placebo	All active treatments better than placebo, combined treatments better than CBT or sertraline alone; CBT and sertraline did not differ.
Asbahr et al. (2005)[88]	40	9–17	OCD	CBT-Group Sertraline	Both treatments were effective but CBT resulted in lower relapse rates.
Baer & Garland (2005)[89]	12	13–18	SOC	CBT – Group WL	CBT was superior to WL
Beidel et al. (2005)[90]	29	11–18	SOC	CBT – follow-up study	Treatment gains were generally maintained after approximately 3 years.
Berstein et al. (2005)[91]	61	7–11	SAD, GAD, or SOC	CBT – Group CBT + Parent training -Group No treatment control	Both treatments were effective, some benefit with addition of parent training.
Flannery-Schroder et al. (2005)[92]	30	9–15	SAD, GAD, or SOC	CBT CBT – Group	Treatment was about equally effective for both groups at approximately 1 year.
Masia-Warner et al. (2005)[93]	35	13–17	SOC	CBT – Group WL	CBT superior to WL.
Beidel et al. (2006)[94]	31	13–20	SOC	CBT – follow-up study	Treatment gains were generally maintained after approximately 5 years. Treated group was not different on a number of measures than youth who had never had social phobia.
Lyneham & Rapee (2006)[95]	100	6–12	GAD, SAD, SOC, OCD, SPEC, PD	CBT – Bibliotherapy + email contact CBT – Bibliotherapy + telephone contact CBT – Bibliotherapy + client initiated contacts WL	Bibliotherapy with therapist initiated telephone contact produced the best outcomes.
Rapee et al. (2006)[96]	267	6–12	GAD, SOC, SAD, SPEC, OCD, PD	CBT – Group CBT – Bibliotherapy WL	Both treatments superior to WL but bibliotherapy not as effective as standard CBT.
Spence et al. (2006)[97]	72	7–14	GAD, SAD, SOC, SPEC	CBT CBT delivered through internet WL	Both treatments were superior to WL but not different than one another; gains maintained at approximately 1 year
Wood et al. (2006)[98]	40	6–13	SAD, GAD, SOC	CBT CBT + family treatment	Both treatments were effective; some evidence of additional benefit of family treatment.
Beidel et al. (2007)[99]	60	7–17	SOC	CBT Fluoxetine Placebo	Both treatments were superior to placebo but CBT was superior to fluoxetine and the only treatment better than placebo for improving social skills.
Chalfant et al. (2007)[100]	47	8–13	High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders + an anxiety disorder	Family based CBT – Group WL	CBT was effective in treating anxiety disorders in youth comorbid with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders.
de Groot et al. (2007)[101]	29	7–12	Any anxiety disorder	CBT CBT- Group	Treatments were about equally effective.
Levy et al. (2007)[102]	69	8–14	Aggression comorbid with SAD, GAD, SOC, SPEC, or PD	CBT – for anxiety only CBT – for anxiety and aggresion	Both treatments were effective; no significant benefit with the combined treatment.
March et al. (2007)[103]	112	7–17	OCD with or without comorbid tics	CBT Sertraline SBT +sertraline Placebo	Medication alone was less effective for youth with tics; comorbid tics did not negatively affect outcomes for CBT. In general the combination treatment resulted in the best outcome for youth with or without tics.
Masia-Warner et al. (2007)[104]	36	14–16	SOC	CBT – Group Attention control	CBT superior to attention control treatment.
Smith et al. (2007)[105]	24	8–18	PTSD	CBT WL	CBT superior to WL; outcome partially mediated by cognitive change.
Storch et al. (2007)[106]	40	7–17	OCD	CBT – Intensive CBT – Weekly	Some short-term advantage for the intensive treatment but both treatments about equal at three months posttreatment.
Victor et al (2007)[107]	61	7–11	SAD, GAD, or SOC	CBT – Group No treatment control	Higher family cohesion was related to better outcome in CBT group.
Berstein et al. (2008)[26]	61	7–11	SAD, GAD, or SOC	CBT – Group CBT + Parent training -Group No treatment control	Treatment gains were generally maintained after approximately 1 year; some evidence of added benefit with addition of parent training.
Kendall et al (2008)[108]	161	7–14	SAD, SOC, GAD	CBT Family based CBT Family based education support	CBT groups were superior to family based support in reducing principal anxiety disorder. Individual CBT was superior to family based CBT on some measures but family based CBT was superior to individual CBT if both parents had an anxiety disorder.
Warner et al. (2009)[109]	7	8–15	Anxiety disorder + somatic complaints	CBT	All children responded to treatment.
Waters et al. (2009)[110]	60	4–8	SPEC, SOC, GAD, SAD	CBT – Parent only CBT – Parent + child WL	Both treatments superior to WL but not significantly different than one another; gains were generally maintained after approximately 1 year
Cobham et al. (2010)[111]	60	10–17	SAD, OAD, GAD, SPEC, SOC, AG	CBT CBT + family treatment – follow-up study	Children were more likely to be diagnosis free at 3 year follow-up if they had been in the CBT + family treatment condition, regardless of parents’ level of anxiety at pretreatment.
Garcia et al. (2010)[112]	112	7–17	OCD	CBT Sertraline CBT + Sertraline Placebo	Less severe OCD, fewer externalizing symptoms, less family accommodation, and more insight was predictive of better treatment outcome.

Note: AD = avoidant disorder, AG = agoraphobia, BT = behavior therapy, CBT = cognitive-behavioral therapy, EMDR = eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, n = sample size, OAD = overanxious disorder, OCD = obsessive-compulsive disorder, PD = panic disorder, PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder, SAD = separation anxiety disorder, SOC = social phobia, SPEC = specific phobia, WL = waitlist.