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Proposed model for the mechanism by which AMPK suppresses MMP-9 expression. AMPK negatively regulates MMP-9 expression by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Our results suggest at least two possibilities for the mechanism: 1) AMPK inhibits IKK activity or upstream proteins of IKK, such as TAK1, TAB1–3, and NEMO; and 2) AMPK directly inhibits the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB.
