FIGURE 5.

Model of JNK mitochondrial signaling. (1) early cellular stress alters mitochondria physiologically and architecturally, such as the recruitment of yet unidentified proteins (illustrated as Q, R, and S) and translocation of the mitochondrial JNK signaling complex. (2) stress-induced mitochondrial changes promote JNK mitochondrial signaling leading to a stress responsive mitochondrial phenotype (illustrated as T) (3). (4) pro-oxidant metabolism and oxidative stress could contribute to cell death or metabolic alterations and may be essential to cellular survival.