Table 1.

Specific interventions to address HIV and tuberculosis grouped under the main stratagems for epidemic control

Stratagem	HIV	Tuberculosis
Prevention of primary infection
behavioural modification	decreased risk exposure, e.g. safe sex and decreased sex partners [25] and safe injecting drug use [26]	education, e.g. cough hygiene [27]
environmental modification	decreased risk of occupational exposure through safe handling and disposal of sharps	environmental measures to decrease nosocomial transmission [27,28] (particularly important where HIV prevalence is high)
protect site of infection	vaginal microbicides (under evaluation) [29]	face masks (NN95 specification) [27]
Modification of risk factors for infection
promote decreased substance abuse	decreased alcohol [30] and drugs [30]	decreased alcohol [31] and smoking [32]
detect and treat conditions associated with increased risk	treatment of sexually transmitted infections [33]	detection and management of diabetes [34]
modify personal biological characteristic	male circumcision [35]
Drug prophylaxis
pre-exposure	pre-exposure prophylaxis (under evaluation) [36]	isoniazid preventive treatment for infants born to mothers with tuberculosis [37]
pre- and post-exposure	prevention of mother to child transmission [38]
post-exposure	post-exposure prophylaxis [39]	isoniazid preventive treatment for people with latent M. tuberculosis infection or for people at high risk of recurrent tuberculosis [40]
Decreased transmission by treatment of infected individuals (treatment as prevention) [41]
	prompt diagnosis and effective treatment of people with symptomatic HIV-related disease [42]	prompt diagnosis and effective treatment of people with symptomatic pulmonary disease [23]
	proposal for prompt diagnosis among asymptomatic individuals either through an individual seeking a test for HIV after an at-risk exposure or through regular universal testing [43]	efforts aimed at decreasing diagnostic delay through community education, improved access to care, and improved quality of clinical care [44]
Vaccination to prevent progression from infection to disease
	no vaccine yet available	Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination [45]