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. 2010 Jan-Mar;1(1):40–54. doi: 10.4161/self.1.1.10442

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Perception systems for damaged-self, altered-self and nonself signals in plants. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and pathogen-derived effectors are perceived as nonself danger signals. Extracellular P/MAMPs originating from prototypical microbes and DAMPs generated by their enzymes, are recognized via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Pathogen effectors injected into the cell are detected, directly or indirectly, by intracellular resistance (R) proteins and associated proteins. The domain organization of typical extracellular and intracellular receptors in plants is shown.21,141 Successful pathogens have acquired the ability to interfere or suppress generated signals and to circumvent plant defenses (e.g., AvrPto, AvrProB, AvrRpt2, HopAl1, HopU1, HopM1, Hopi1).146 Six possible targets for interference or suppression include: (1) MAMP perception through PRRs, (2) the MAPK cascade, (3) RNA metabolism, (4) vesicle trafficking, (5) regulation of ETI/PTI and (6) chloroplast function (adapted from Boller and He,18 Boller and Felix,19 as well as Tör et al.147).