Protective effects of the DNSPs. (A) Dose responses (1 nM – 100 nM) for DNSP-5 (blue bars), DNSP-11 (black bars), and DNSP-17 (gray bars) protection from 1 μM staurosporine-induced cytotoxicity (red bar), were measured by caspase-3 activity 12 hours after treatment in HEK-293 cells. Stauro-staurosporine. (B) Protection from 8 mM 3-nitropropionate (3-NP) was measured by caspase-3 activity assay 12 hours after treatment with 10 nM treatment with the DNSPs. For both experiments, the control (open bar) was citrate buffer alone. One-way ANOVA was used to test for significance amongst groups, followed by Tukey’s post-hoc analysis (*p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs control; #p<0.05, ##<0.01 vs toxin).