Table 2.
Baseline and 16-week change in measures of body composition following weight loss in nondiabetic men and women, according to main intervention arm
| Pioglitazone | No Pioglitazone | Resistance Training | No Resistance Training | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | n = 19 | n = 19 | n = 19 | n = 18 |
| Abdominal visceral adipose tissue (cm3/15 cm) | ||||
| Baseline | 2,875 (246) | 2,829 (246) | 2,885 (278) | 2,819 (208) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −521 (64) | −407 (66) | −506 (64) | −424 (66) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | −114 (−301, 73) | −82 (−269, 105) | ||
| Appendicular lean mass (kg) | ||||
| Baseline | 20.8 (0.7) | 20.0 (0.8) | 20.1 (0.7) | 20.7 (0.8) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −1.02 (0.2) | −1.04 (0.2) | −1.00 (0.2) | −1.06 (0.2) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | 0.02 (−0.6, 0.7) | 0.06 (−0.6, 0.7) | ||
| Total mass (kg) | ||||
| Baseline | 91.6 (3.5) | 87.0 (3.0) | 88.1 (3.6) | 90.5 (3.0) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −5.1 (0.7) | −6.5 (0.7) | −6.1 (0.7) | −5.4 (0.7) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | 1.3 (−0.8, 3.5) | −0.7 (−2.9, 1.4) | ||
| Fat mass (kg) | ||||
| Baseline | 40.6 (2.0) | 37.0 (1.8) | 38.2 (2.2) | 39.4 (1.7) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −3.2 (0.5) | −4.4 (0.5) | −4.2 (0.5) | −3.3 (0.5) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | 1.1 (−0.4, 2.7) | −0.8 (−2.4, 0.7) | ||
| Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (cm3/15 cm) | ||||
| Baseline | 5,672 (351) | 5,109 (335) | 5,271 (345) | 5,510 (352) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −568 (97) | −765 (100) | −677 (96.4) | −650 (99) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | 196.1 (−90.3, 482.6) | −27.6 (−309.3, 254.1) | ||
| Thigh intermuscular adipose tissue (cm3/5 cm) | ||||
| Baseline | 56.7 (6) | 66.8 (11.6) | 58.6 (8.5) | 65 (9.9) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −3.8 (3.3) | −6.1 (3.4) | −6.4 (3.3) | −3.4 (3.4) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | 2.3 (−7.4, 12.0) | −3.0 (−12.6, 6.6) | ||
| Thigh subcutaneous adipose tissue (cm3/5 cm) | ||||
| Baseline | 2,110 (133) | 1,972 (104) | 1,978 (136) | 2,104 (100) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −104 (41) | −298 (42) | −230 (41) | −166 (42) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | 194 (75,313) | −65 (−184,55) | ||
| Pericardial adipose tissue (cm3/4.5 cm) | ||||
| Baseline | 101.5 (7.4) | 102.3 (9.1) | 113.1 (9.6) | 90.8 (5.6) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −5.6 (1.9) | −7.4 (1.9) | −6.6 (1.9) | −6.4 (2) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95%CI)) | 1.8 (−3.7, 7.3) | −0.2 (−5.9, 5.4) | ||
| Lean mass (kg) | ||||
| Baseline | 48.8 (1.6) | 47.8 (1.6) | 47.7 (1.6) | 48.9 (1.5) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −1.9 (0.3) | −2.1 (0.4) | −2.0 (0.3) | −2.0 (0.4) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | 0.1 (−0.9, 1.1) | 0.1 (−1.0, 1.1) | ||
| Thigh muscle volume (cm3/5 cm) | ||||
| Baseline | 1,115 (33) | 1,074 (36) | 1,089 (35) | 1,200 (34) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −56 (8) | −35 (9) | −34 (8) | −59 (9) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95%CI)) | −21 (−46, 3) | 25 (1, 49) | ||
| Left Leg muscle attenuation (HU) | ||||
| Baseline | 48.8 (1.2) | 47.6 (2.1) | 48.8 (1.9) | 47.6 (1.6) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −2.9 (1.1) | −0.5 (1.2) | −0.9 (1.1) | −2.6 (1.2) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | −2.3 (−5.7, 1) | 1.7 (−1.7, 5.0) | ||
| Right leg muscle attenuation (HU) | ||||
| Baseline | 48.9 (1.2) | 48.5 (1.9) | 49.1 (1.7) | 48.4 (1.5) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −2.9 (0.9) | −0.4 (0.9) | −1.1 (0.9) | −2.3 (0.9) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | −2.5 (−5.1, 0.1) | 1.2 (−1.3, 3.8) | ||
| Liver attenuation (HU) | ||||
| Baseline | 56.3 (2.7) | 58.7 (2.8) | 57.8 (2.7) | 57.2 (2.9) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | 6.4 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.5) | 4.8 (1.5) | 4.6 (1.5) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | 3.6 (−0.8, 8.0) | 0.1 (−4.2, 4.5) | ||
| Men | n = 22 | n = 22 | n = 23 | n = 21 |
| Abdominal visceral adipose tissue (cm3/15 cm) | ||||
| Baseline | 4,856 (264) | 4,758 (206) | 4,901 (270) | 4,713 (197) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −1,160 (128) | −647 (128) | −850 (125) | −963 (131) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | −513 (−880, −146) | 112 (−255, 479) | ||
| Appendicular lean mass (kg) | ||||
| Baseline | 30.0 (0.6) | 29.4 (0.8) | 30.1 (0.7) | 29.2 (0.7) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −1.1 (0.2) | −1.2 (0.2) | −0.8 (0.2) | −1.5 (0.2) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | 0.2 (−0.4, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.1, 1.3) | ||
| Total mass (kg) | ||||
| Baseline | 103.0 (2.5) | 102.6 (3.0) | 106.6 (2.9) | 99.0 (2.4) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −7.2 (0.9) | −6.1 (0.9) | −5.6 (0.9) | −7.9 (1.0) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | −1.1 (−3.8, 1.6) | 2.3 (−5.1, 5.1) | ||
| Fat mass (kg) | ||||
| Baseline | 32.0 (1.8) | 33.0 (2.0) | 35.6 (2.2) | 29.5 (1.2) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −5.3 (0.6) | −3.7 (0.6) | −4.2 (0.6) | −4.9 (0.7) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | −1.5 (−3.4, 0.3) | 0.7 (−1.3, 2.6) | ||
| Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (cm3/15 cm) | ||||
| Baseline | 3,952 (308) | 3,911 (364) | 4,369 (387) | 3,495 (247) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −546 (101) | −494 (101) | −414 (101) | −636 (105) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | −52 (−341, 237) | 222 (−78, 522) | ||
| Thigh intermuscular adipose tissue (cm3/5 cm) | ||||
| Baseline | 60.4 (5.6) | 71.5 (10.7) | 71.1 (7.2) | 60.9 (9.7) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −9.1 (2.7) | −11.8 (2.7) | −8.9 (2.7) | −12.1 (2.8) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | 2.7 (−5.1, 10.5) | 3.1 (−4.7, 11) | ||
| Thigh subcutaneous adipose tissue (cm3/5 cm) | ||||
| Baseline | 1,034 (93) | 1,129 (98) | 1,241 (114) | 922 (57) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −110 (26) | −136 (26) | −117 (26) | −130 (27) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | 27 (−47, 100) | 13 (−64, 90) | ||
| Pericardial adipose tissue (cm3/4.5 cm) | ||||
| Baseline | 139.9 (11) | 150.5 (6.7) | 155.6 (11.2) | 134.8 (5.8) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −14.1 (4.5) | −5.4 (4.5) | −5.7 (4.4) | −14.3 (4.6) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | −8.7 (−21.6, 4.1) | 8.6 (−4.6, 21.7) | ||
| Lean mass (kg) | ||||
| Baseline | 68.0 (1.3) | 66.9 (1.5) | 68.1 (1.3) | 66.7 (1.5) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −2.0 (0.4) | −2.5 (0.4) | −1.5 (0.4) | −2.9 (0.4) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | 0.5 (−0.7, 1.7) | 1.4 (0.2, 2.7) | ||
| Thigh muscle volume (cm3/5 cm) | ||||
| Baseline | 1,607 (40) | 1,546 (41) | 1,570 (40) | 1,583 (42) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −82 (11) | −47 (11) | −43 (10) | −88 (11) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | −35 (−66, −5) | 45 (15, 75) | ||
| Left leg muscle attenuation (HU) | ||||
| Baseline | 50.4 (1.2) | 50.4 (1.2) | 50 (1.4) | 50.8 (1.0) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | 3.3 (1.0) | 0.9 (1) | 2.9 (1.0) | 1.2 (1.0) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | 2.4 (−0.4, 5.3) | 1.7 (−1.1, 4.6) | ||
| Right leg muscle attenuation (HU) | ||||
| Baseline | 49.3 (1.2) | 49.4 (1.1) | 48.7 (1.4) | 50 (0.9) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | 2.8 (1.0) | 0.2 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.0) | 0.4 (1.0) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | 2.5 (−0.2, 5.3) | 2.1 (−0.7, 4.9) | ||
| Liver attenuation (HU) | ||||
| Baseline | 61.8 (1.4) | 55.7 (2.4) | 60.7 (1.4) | 56.8 (2.5) |
| Adjusted change from baselinea | −1.7 (1.4) | −0.8 (1.4) | −1.3 (1.4) | −1.2 (1.4) |
| Between group difference in changea,b (LS mean (95% CI)) | −0.9 (−5.1, 3.3) | −0.2 (−4.2, 3.8) | ||
CI, confidence interval; HU, Hounsfield units; LS, least squares.
a
Measures of change and between group differences are adjusted for main-effects and baseline measure.
b
A negative number indicates greater loss in the treatment group; a positive number indicates less loss in the treatment group.