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a The deformation shape and Z-axial displacement distribution of the IS joint under off-axial tensile force (0.2 mm offset from the central axis). φ is the tilting angle between the lenticular process and X−Y plane. b Comparison of force-displacement curves in tension derived from the control (co-axial), off-axial FE model and experimental mean. c Comparison of force-displacement curves in compression derived from the control, off-axial FE model and experimental mean
