Table 3.

Univariate Sex-Limitation Models of Childhood Conduct Disorder and Adult Antisocial Behavior

Model	Df	χ2	AIC	Male			Female			DZOS
				A	C	E	A	C	E	rA	rC
Conduct Disorder
Full rA	16	44.21	8760.53	.26 [.06, .47]	.19 [.01, .36]	.55 [.48, .62]	.25 [.07, .42]	.15 [.00, .29]	.60 [.55, .67]	.00 [.00, .00]	1 [-]
Full rC	16	43.54	8759.85	.22 [.00, .43]	.23 [.05, .41]	.55 [.49, .63]	.19 [.00, .39]	.20 [.02, .37]	.61 [.55, .68]	.50 [-]	.23 [.00, .64]
Common	17	49.37	8763.68	.47	.00	.53	.18	.20	.62	.50	1
Scalar	19	57.46	8767.77	.34	.07	.59	.34	.07	.59	.50	1
Adult Antisocial Behavior
Full rA	16	47.16	6722.02	.23 [.00, 53]	.14 [.00, .40]	.63 [.54, .72]	.30 [.23, .37]	.00 [.00, .00]	.70 [.63, .77]	.28 [.00, .50]	1 [-]
Common	17	51.09	6723.95	.38	.00	.62	.15	.12	.73	.50	1
Scalar	19	54.78	6723.64	.32 [.26, .37]	.00 [.00, .00]	.68 [.63, .74]	.32 [.26, .37]	.00 [00, .00]	.68 [.63, .74]	.50 [-]	1 [-]

Note. Full rA = full sex-limitation model allowing for quantitative sex differences, qualitative genetic sex differences, and sex differences in phenotypic variances. Full rC = full sex-limitation model allowing for quantitative sex differences, qualitative shared-environmental sex differences, and sex differences in phenotypic variances. Common = common effects model allowing for quantitative sex differences and sex differences in phenotypic variances. Scalar = scalar model allowing for sex differences in phenotypic variances. A, C, and E = the proportion of variance in childhood conduct disorder explained by additive genetic, shared environmental, and non-shared environmental influences, respectively. DZOS = opposite-sex dizygotic twin pairs. rA = the genetic correlation among opposite-sex twin pairs. rC = the shared environmental correlation among opposite-sex twin pairs. 95% confidence intervals are in brackets for the full sex-limitation model and the best-fitting model (in bold). A confidence interval listed as “-” indicates that the confidence interval was not estimated because the parameter was not model estimated.