Cumulative risk of dementia hospitalization by FEV1 and FVC and by age (≤60 or >60). Low and high FVC or FEV1 defined as extreme quartiles (low: quartile 1, high: quartile 4). Results are based on survival curves from a Cox model, adjusting for age, gender, race, cigarette smoking, and APOE genotype, using the methodology proposed by Zhang et al.[27] Panel A: low vs. high FEV1 in ≤60 years old. Panel B: low vs. high FEV1 in >60 years old. Panel C: low vs. high FVC in ≤60 years old. Panel D: low vs. high FVC in >60 years old.