Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 May 12.
Published in final edited form as: Neuron. 2011 May 12;70(3):510–521. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.057

Figure 1. Two photon glutamate uncaging reliably activates neurons with single cell resolution.

Figure 1

(A) Dodt gradient contrast image of a recorded cell with photostimulation target indicated (left), response of this neuron to repeated photostimulation (center) and responses to photostimulation for the three indicated examples at higher time resolution (right; orange bars indicate photostimulation). (B) Probability of evoking an action potential by photostimulation targeting different neuronal structures (Pspike = 0.922, n = 70 cells for soma; 0.062, n = 58 locations from 8 cells for dendrite; 0, n = 14 locations from 8 cells for axon, mean ± 95% confidence limits). (C) Frequency histogram of latency to first action potential (black) and last action potential (gray) evoked by photostimulation (577 trials from 70 cells). (D) Dodt gradient contrast image of recorded cell with photostimulation targets at varying distances from the soma indicated (left) and the responses to the photostimulation evoked at those targets (right). (E) Probability of evoking an action potential vs. distance of photostimulation from the edge of the soma (data for all 3 spatial dimensions pooled; 97 locations from 10 cells). (F) 2PLSM image of recorded stellate cell (single z-plane) with photostimulation targets (left) and responses to photostimulation (right).