Table 2.

Growth Models for Toddler Distress by Group

Fixed Effect	Toddler Distress First			Toddler Distress After Maternal Behavior
	Estimate (SE)	t-test	95% CI	Estimate (SE)	t-test	95% CI
Intercept (β)	0.537 (0.061)	8.82***	0.41, 0.66	0.460 (0.053)	8.61***	0.35, 0.57
Time (β)	−0.004 (0.001)	−6.33***	−0.01, −0.00	−0.004 (0.001)	−5.67***	−0.005, −0.002
Toddler Initial Reaction (γ)	0.487 (0.080)	6.09***	0.33, 0.65	0.278 (0.089)	3.13**	0.10, 0.46
Proportion of epochs with protection (γ)	−0.021 (0.217)	−0.10	−0.46, 0.42	0.263 (0.152)	1.73	−0.048, 0.574
Intensity of first protective behavior (γ)	0.140 (0.089)	1.57	−0.04, 0.32	−0.043 (0.069)	−0.62	−0.18, 0.10
Time X Reaction (β)	−0.002 (0.001)	−1.68	−0.003, 0.003	−0.003 (0.001)	−3.11**	−0.005, −0.001
Time X Proportion (β)	0.002 (0.003)	0.78	−0.003, 0.012	−0.002 (0.002)	−1.02	−0.006, 0.002
Time X Intensity (β)	−0.001 (0.001)	−0.91	−0.003, 0.001	−0.000 (0.001)	0.47	−0.001, 0.002
Reaction X Proportion (γ)	−0.004 (0.215)	−0.02	−0.44, 0.43
Reaction X Intensity (γ)	0.124 (0.088)	1.41	−0.05, 0.30
Time X Reaction X Proportion (β)	0.006 (0.003)	2.27*	0.001, 0.011
Time X Reaction X Intensity (β)	−0.000 (0.001)	−0.25	−0.002, 0.002
Random Effect	Estimate	SE	Wald Z	Estimate	SE	Wald Z
Time	0.120	0.029	4.21***	0.070	0.019	3.62***
Residual	0.115	0.003	43.83***	0.104	0.003	38.48***

Note. All variables except time were centered at their means prior to analyses. Models with highest-order significant effects are shown.

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01,

^***p < .001