Table 1. Characteristics of study sample.
| Variable | Males n = 576 | Females n = 285 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White n = 425 | African-American n = 151 | White n = 161 | African-American n = 124 | |
| Age (years) | 62 (55–69) | 58 (53–66)a | 58 (54–66) | 57 (50–64) |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 5 (2–10) | 6 (3–12)a | 5 (2–10) | 5.5 (1–10) |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.7 (6.2–7.4) | 7.0 (6.2–8.3)a | 6.9 (6.2–7.7) | 6.9 (6.3–7.7) |
| Smoking history (%) | 34 (8.0) | 30 (20.0)b | 14 (8.7) | 13 (10.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 (122–141) | 133 (121–145) | 129 (118–136) | 132 (123–140.5)a |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76 (70–83) | 80 (73–85)a | 73 (68–78) | 74.5 (70–80)a |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 172 (151–198) | 175 (153–201) | 180 (156–209) | 186.5 (163.5–214.5) |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 97 (78–119) | 101 (83–125) | 97 (81–120) | 111 (90–128)a |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 43 (36–50) | 44 (37–53)a | 51 (42–62) | 56 (47–65)a |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 138 (92–209) | 104 (73–145)b | 129 (95–183) | 91.5 (66–115)b |
| VLDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 29 (19–44) | 22.0 (16–33)b | 26 (18–37) | 19 (12–28.5)b |
| Apolipoprotein A-I (mg/dl) | 120 (110–132) | 124 (113–135)a | 134 (123–152) | 137 (122.5–149) |
| Apolipoprotein A-II (mg/dl) | 32 (30–35) | 33 (30–36) | 32.0 (29.0–36.0) | 34 (30–38) |
| Apolipoprotein B (mg/dl) | 83 (71–95) | 82 (74–95) | 81.0 (70.0–95) | 83 (70.5–96) |
| 10 year Framingham risk (%) | 16 (10–20) | 13 (10–25) | 11 (7–15) | 10 (7–13) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.3 (28.3–34.8) | 30.9 (28.4–34.0) | 33.5 (29.0–37.6) | 33.6 (28.6–38.3) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 106.7 (99.1–116.8) | 104.1 (96.5–113.0)a | 104.1 (95.2–119.4) | 104.1 (93.3–116.8) |
| Metabolic syndrome (%) | 323 (76.0) | 105 (69.5) | 130 (80.8) | 100 (80.6) |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 8.89 (5.58–14.57) | 8.91 (5.1–12.8) | 24.6 (16.0–33.8) | 29.6 (19.0–42.5)a |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 8.38 (5.70–12.5) | 5.94 (4.27–9.43)b | 12.0 (8.26–17.7) | 8.98 (6.10–14.3)b |
| CRP (mg/dl) | 1.36 (0.77–2.69) | 1.71 (0.80–3.14) | 2.74 (1.43–5.53) | 3.26 (1.65–7.89) |
| IL-6 (pg/ml)c | 1.28 (0.87–2.04) | 1.31 (1.05–2.36) | 1.42 (0.78–2.24) | 1.88 (1.17–3.08)b |
| HOMA2-IR d | 1.90 (1.40–2.80) | 1.80 (1.30–2.70) | 2.10 (1.50–2.80) | 1.90 (1.45–2.90) |
| Alcohol use (%) | 256 (60.2) | 68 (45.0)a | 82 (50.9) | 42 (33.9) a |
| Exercise (%) | 280 (65.9) | 100 (66.2) | 111 (68.9) | 76 (61.3) |
| Post-menopausal (%) | 141 (87.6) | 104 (83.9) | ||
| HRT use (%) | 16 (9.9) | 8 (6.4) | ||
| Metformin use (%) | 260 (61.2) | 84 (55.6) | 103 (64.0) | 65 (52.4)a |
| Sulfonylurea use (%) | 186 (43.8) | 69 (45.7) | 42 (26.1) | 38 (30.6) |
| TZD use (%) | 122 (28.7) | 25 (16.6)a | 32 (19.9) | 27 (21.8) |
| Insulin use (%) | 54 (12.7) | 45 (29.8) b | 30 (18.6) | 32 (25.8) |
| Meglitinide use (%) | 28 (6.6) | 5 (3.3) | 11 (6.8) | 5 (4.0) |
| Statin use (%) | 252 (59.3) | 70 (46.4)a | 80 (49.7) | 45 (36.3)a |
| Niacin use (%) | 32 (7.5) | 5 (3.3) | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0) |
| Ezetimibe use (%) | 22 (5.2) | 4 (2.6) | 9 (5.6) | 4 (3.2) |
| Fibrate use (%) | 54 (12.7) | 4 (2.6) b | 7 (4.4) | 0 (0.0)a |
| Aspirin use (%) | 207 (48.7) | 58 (38.4)a | 71 (44.1) | 44 (35.5) |
| ACE-I use (%) | 268 (63.1) | 91 (60.3) | 80 (49.7) | 76 (61.3) |
| Beta-blocker use (%) | 56 (13.2) | 29 (19.2) | 19 (11.8) | 17 (13.7) |
| Calcium channel blocker use (%) | 71 (16.7) | 41 (27.2)a | 24 (14.9) | 34 (27.4)a |
| CAC score | 183 (21–676) | 9 (0–214)b | 11 (0–103) | 0 (0–26.5)a |
| CAC score > 0 (%) | 354 (83.3) | 89 (58.9)b | 91 (56.5) | 47 (37.9)a |
a
p < 0.05.
b
p < 0.001.
c
IL-6 was available in 690 subjects (319 White men, 102 AA men, 147 White women, 122 AA women).
d
HOMA2-IR was available in 697 subjects (369 White men, 105 AA men, 131 White women, 92 AA women) HRT-hormone replacement therapy, TZD- thiazolidinedione.