Table 3. Association of African-American race with coronary artery calcification adjusted for age and individual risk factors.
Variable adjusted for | Males n = 576 | Females n = 285 | Allan = 861 |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.14 (0.08–0.24) (p < 0.001) | 0.26 (0.09–0.77) (p = 0.015) | 0.17 (0.11–0.28) (p < 0.001) |
Duration of diabetes | 0.13 (0.07–0.22) (p < 0.001) | 0.25 (0.09–0.73) (p = 0.011) | 0.16 (0.10–0.27) (p < 0.001) |
HbA1c | 0.14 (0.08–0.24) (p < 0.001) | 0.26 (0.09–0.76) (p = 0.014) | 0.17 (0.10–0.28) (p < 0.001) |
Smoking history | 0.12 (0.07–0.22) (p < 0.001) | 0.26 (0.09–0.74) (p = 0.012) | 0.16 (0.10–0.26) (p < 0.001) |
Systolic blood pressure | 0.13 (0.07–0.23) (p < 0.001) | 0.29 (0.10–0.85) (p = 0.025) | 0.17 (0.10–0.28) (p < 0.001) |
Diastolic blood pressure | 0.14 (0.08–0.24) (p < 0.001) | 0.27 (0.09–0.80) (p = 0.018) | 0.18 (0.11–0.29) (p < 0.001) |
Total cholesterol | 0.14 (0.08–0.24) (p < 0.001) | 0.26 (0.09–0.76) (p = 0.014) | 0.17 (0.11–0.28) (p < 0.001) |
LDL cholesterol | 0.14 (0.08–0.24) (p < 0.001) | 0.26 (0.09–0.75) (p = 0.013) | 0.18 (0.11–0.29) (p < 0.001) |
HDL cholesterol | 0.14 (0.08–0.25) (p < 0.001) | 0.31 (0.11–0.93) (p = 0.036) | 0.19 (0.12–0.31) (p < 0.001) |
Triglycerides | 0.15 (0.08–0.26) (p < 0.001) | 0.48 (0.15–1.49) (p = 0.201) | 0.20 (0.12–0.34) (p < 0.001) |
VLDL cholesterol | 0.14 (0.08–0.25) (p < 0.001) | 0.37 (0.12–1.08) (p = 0.068) | 0.20 (0.12–0.32) (p < 0.001) |
Apolipoprotein A-I | 0.14 (0.08–0.24) (p < 0.001) | 0.27 (0.09–0.78) (p = 0.016) | 0.18 (0.11–0.29) (p < 0.001) |
Apolipoprotein A-II | 0.13 (0.08–0.24) (p < 0.001) | 0.27 (0.09–0.79) (p = 0.017) | 0.17 (0.11–028) (p < 0.001) |
Apolipoprotein B | 0.14 (0.08–0.24) (p < 0.001) | 0.27 (0.09–0.80) (p = 0.018) | 0.17 (0.11–0.28) (p < 0.001) |
Framingham risk score | 0.13 (0.08–0.24) (p < 0.001) | 0.26 (0.09–0.76) (p = 0.014) | 0.17 (0.10–0.28) (p < 0.001) |
BMI | 0.14 (0.08–0.24) (p < 0.001) | 0.27 (0.09–0.78) (p = 0.016) | 0.17 (0.11–0.28) (p < 0.001) |
Waist circumference | 0.15 (0.09–0.26) (p < 0.001) | 0.27 (0.09–0.80) (p = 0.018) | 0.19 (0.11–0.30) (p < 0.001) |
Metabolic syndrome | 0.14 (0.08–0.25) (p < 0.001) | 0.26 (0.09–0.76) (p = 0.014) | 0.18 (0.11–0.30) (p < 0.001) |
Leptin | 0.14 (0.08–0.24) (p < 0.001) | 0.27 (0.09–0.81) (p = 0.020) | 0.17 (0.10–0.28) (p < 0.001) |
Adiponectin | 0.14 (0.08–0.25) (p < 0.001) | 0.30 (0.10–0.88) (p = 0.028) | 0.19 (0.11–0.31) (p < 0.001) |
CRP | 0.14 (0.08–0.24) (p < 0.001) | 0.24 (0.08–0.69) (p = 0.008) | 0.17 (0.10–0.28) (p < 0.001) |
IL-6 | 0.15 (0.08–0.30) (p < 0.001) | 0.21 (0.07–0.66) (p = 0.008) | 0.18 (0.10–0.33) (p < 0.001) |
HOMA2-IR | 0.16 (0.09–0.30) (p < 0.001) | 0.28 (0.08–1.03) (p = 0.055) | 0.20 (0.11–0.35) (p < 0.001) |
Alcohol use | 0.14 (0.08–0.24) (p < 0.001) | 0.33 (0.11–0.97) (p = 0.044) | 0.19 (0.11–0.31) (p < 0.001) |
Exercise | 0.14 (0.08–0.24) (p < 0.001) | 0.28 (0.10–0.82) (p = 0.020) | 0.17 (0.11–0.28) (p < 0.001) |
Post-menopausal | 0.25 (0.08–0.73) (p = 0.012) |
Results are presented as age-adjusted Tobit ratios (95% confidence intervals) of increase in CAC scores of AA vs. Whites.
Adjusted for age and gender.