Table 2.

 Association between treatment with proton pump inhibitors and risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Values are hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) unless stated otherwise

Outcome	Events during follow-up		Time to dependent Cox proportional hazards regression	P value	Propensity score matched Cox proportional hazards regression analysis	P value
	Patients not treated with PPIs	Patients treated with PPIs
Cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke	2378 (15.2)	987 (22.9)	1.46 (1.33 to 1.61)	<0.001	1.61 (1.45 to 1.79)	<0.001
All cause death	1607 (10.3)	686 (15.9)	1.78 (1.60 to 1.98)	<0.001	2.38 (2.12 to 2.67)	<0.001
Cardiovascular death	1328 (8.5)	540 (12.5)	1.71 (1.51 to 1.92)	<0.001	2.19 (1.92 to 2.49)	<0.001
Myocardial infarction	1110 (7.1)	497 (11.5)	1.39 (1.20 to 1.62)	<0.001	1.33 (1.13 to 1.56)	<0.001
Stroke	1207 (7.7)	338 (7.9)	1.23 (1.03 to 1.47)	0.03	1.20 (0.99 to 1.46)	0.06

PPIs=proton pump inhibitors.

Use of proton pump inhibitors was included as time to dependent covariate.