TABLE 2.
Means, Standard Deviations, and Score Reliability for Measured Variables in Studies 1–3
| Ethnicity | Study 1
|
Study 2
|
Study 3
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Asian Americans | Latino/as | European Americans | All | African Americans | European Americans | Latino/as | Asian Americans | |
| Perceived discrimination | |||||||||
| M (SD) | 2.64 (0.91) | 3.00a (0.65) | 3.51a (0.64) | 1.96b (0.59) | 3.17 (1.07) | 3.92a (0.59) | 2.11b (0.58) | 3.40 (0.69) | 2.95 (0.53) |
| α | .90 | .80 | .80 | .79 | .93 | .79 | .73 | .82 | .66 |
| Perpetual foreigner stereotype | |||||||||
| M (SD) | 2.16 (0.83) | 2.71a (0.67) | 2.65a (0.75) | 1.57b (0.49) | 2.01 (0.72) | 2.33a (0.64) | 1.54b (0.55) | 2.74 (0.73) | 2.63 (0.72) |
| α | .93 | .87 | .88 | .87 | .90 | .84 | .84 | .88 | .88 |
| Identity conflict | |||||||||
| M (SD) | 2.33 (0.84) | 2.67 (0.80) | 2.67 (0.88) | 1.96 (0.65) | 2.35 (0.86) | 2.70 (0.84) | 1.84 (0.60) | 2.56 (0.86) | 2.64 (0.79) |
| α | .87 | .82 | .86 | .84 | .86 | .82 | .81 | .86 | .80 |
| Sense of belonging | |||||||||
| M (SD) | 3.88 (0.78) | 3.58 (0.64) | 3.49 (0.76) | 4.27 (.66) | 3.79 (0.76) | 3.46 (0.68) | 4.28 (0.60) | 3.43 (0.69) | 3.71 (0.61) |
| α | .87 | .79 | .84 | .88 | .84 | .77 | .86 | .80 | .74 |
| Depression | |||||||||
| M (SD) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.62 (0.43) | 1.73 (0.37) |
| α | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | .87 | .81 |
| Hope | |||||||||
| M (SD) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6.29 (1.04) | 6.21 (0.98) |
| α | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | .86 | .83 |
| Life satisfaction | |||||||||
| M (SD) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.22 (1.16) | 5.16 (1.08) |
| α | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | .84 | .84 |
Note. Means in the same row that do not share subscripts differ at p < .000001 in contrasts (η = 1, 1, −2; Study 1) and t-test mean difference comparisons (Study 2).