Table 1.

Demographic Variables, and Baseline Measures of Pain Sensitivity, and Psychological Variables

	SMT	Exercise	Control	p-value
Demographic factors
Age (years)	23.03 ± 2.44	23.03 ± 2.95	22.47 ± 2.21	0.61
Sex (number female)	19	22	25	0.22
Race				0.53
Caucasian	23	23	24
African American	2	0	2
Asian	4	3	2
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander	0	2	0
Other	1	2	2
Education (years)	16.5 ± 2.06	16.05 ± 1.5	15.95 ± 1.17	0.38
Episodes of neck pain in life?	1.33 ± 1.63	1.87 ± 5.03	2.38 ± 4.35	0.60
Prior treatment with manipulation	10	11	8	0.70
Psychological factors
Anxiety (ASI)	15.37 ± 6.42	15.03 ± 6.38	18.47 ± 8.7	0.14
Fear of pain (FPQ-9)	12.93 ± 4.39	14.2 ± 3.89	14.03 ± 3.59	0.14
Catastrophizing (PCS)	15.83 ± 9.77	13.63 ± 8.87	19.6 ± 7.38	0.03
Kinesiophobia (TSK-G)	19.7 ± 4	19.63 ± 4.93	20.9 ± 4.34	0.46
Pre-intervention expectation				0.03
Less pain	8	3	5
Same pain	19	23	14
More pain	3	4	11

SMT – high velocity low amplitude technique

ASI – Anxiety State Index (0-64)

FPQ-9 – Fear of pain questionnaire (0-36)

PCS – Pain Catastrophizing Scale (0-52)

TSK-G – Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia – General (11-44)

Pre-intervention expectations were measured by asking subjects to indicate what that they expected to experience during the thermal testing after the intervention.