Table 1.
SMT | Exercise | Control | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic factors | ||||
Age (years) | 23.03 ± 2.44 | 23.03 ± 2.95 | 22.47 ± 2.21 | 0.61 |
Sex (number female) | 19 | 22 | 25 | 0.22 |
Race | 0.53 | |||
Caucasian | 23 | 23 | 24 | |
African American | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
Asian | 4 | 3 | 2 | |
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | |
Education (years) | 16.5 ± 2.06 | 16.05 ± 1.5 | 15.95 ± 1.17 | 0.38 |
Episodes of neck pain in life? | 1.33 ± 1.63 | 1.87 ± 5.03 | 2.38 ± 4.35 | 0.60 |
Prior treatment with manipulation | 10 | 11 | 8 | 0.70 |
Psychological factors | ||||
Anxiety (ASI) | 15.37 ± 6.42 | 15.03 ± 6.38 | 18.47 ± 8.7 | 0.14 |
Fear of pain (FPQ-9) | 12.93 ± 4.39 | 14.2 ± 3.89 | 14.03 ± 3.59 | 0.14 |
Catastrophizing (PCS) | 15.83 ± 9.77 | 13.63 ± 8.87 | 19.6 ± 7.38 | 0.03 |
Kinesiophobia (TSK-G) | 19.7 ± 4 | 19.63 ± 4.93 | 20.9 ± 4.34 | 0.46 |
Pre-intervention expectation | 0.03 | |||
Less pain | 8 | 3 | 5 | |
Same pain | 19 | 23 | 14 | |
More pain | 3 | 4 | 11 |
SMT – high velocity low amplitude technique
ASI – Anxiety State Index (0-64)
FPQ-9 – Fear of pain questionnaire (0-36)
PCS – Pain Catastrophizing Scale (0-52)
TSK-G – Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia – General (11-44)
Pre-intervention expectations were measured by asking subjects to indicate what that they expected to experience during the thermal testing after the intervention.