Table1.
Long-term inhibitory synaptic plasticity: examples and mechanisms
| Synapse, Brain Area | Induction Requirements | Expression Mechanism |
Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| I-LTP | |||
| Visual Cortex (L5) | GABABR-dependent, BDNF-TrkB signaling | Presynaptic | [23,40,88] |
| Developing Xenopus retinotectal system |
Ca2+ influx through postsynaptic NMDARs, strong excitatory inputs, BDNF-TrkB retrograde signaling |
Presynaptic | [24] |
| Neonatal Hippocampus (CA1 area) |
BDNF-TrkB signaling, repetitive depolarizing pulses, postsynaptic calcium influx through VGCCs |
Presynaptic | [22,89,90] |
| Neonatal Hippocampus (mossy fiber-CA3) |
BDNF-TrkB signaling, postsynaptic PKA, L-type VGCC-dependent |
Presynaptic | [25] |
| Ventral Tegmental Area | NO retrograde signaling, NMDAR activation, postsynaptic calcium |
Presynaptic | [42,43] |
| Cerebellar cortex (stellate interneurons) |
Activation of presynaptic NMDARs, presynaptic calcium, cAMP/PKA, Rim1α |
Presynaptic | [51,52] |
| Cerebellar Purkinje neurons | Postsynaptic depolarization, CaMKII activation | Postsynaptic | [67–69] |
| Deep Cerebellar Nuclei | NMDAR activation, postsynaptic calcium | Postsynaptic | [59] |
| Hippocampus (CA1 area) | Group I mGluR and GABABR activation, postsynaptic calcium |
Postsynaptic | [91] |
| Developing Visual Cortex (L4 FSN-pyr) |
Pairing of presynaptic activity with sub-threshold postsynaptic depolarization |
Postsynaptic | [77] |
| Lateral Amygdala | NMDAR-independent | Postsynaptic? | [92] |
| Developing Auditory Cortex | BDNF-TrkB signaling | Postsynaptic? | [41] |
| I-LTD | |||
| Hippocampus (CA1) | eCB signaling, presynaptic activity, Rim1α | Presynaptic | [9,15*,93] |
| Lateral Amygdala | eCB signaling, postsynaptic PKA, Rim1α | Presynaptic | [10,11,93] |
| Prefrontal cortex (L2/3, L5) | eCB signaling, D2R activation | Presynaptic | [16] |
| Developing Visual Cortex (L2/3) | eCB signaling | Presynaptic | [14*] |
| Dorsal striatum | eCB signaling | Presynaptic | [12] |
| Superior colliculus | eCB signaling | Presynaptic | [13] |
| Neonatal Hippocampus (CA1 area) | NMDAR-dependent, postsynaptic calcium | Presynaptic | [90,94] |
| Hippocampus (CA1) | NMDAR-dependent, calcineurin | Postsynaptic | [62] |
| Deep Cerebellar Nuclei | Postsynaptic calcium, protein phosphatses | Postsynaptic | [65] |
| Developing Xenopus retinotectal system |
Activation of presynaptic NMDAR, relatively weak excitatory inputs |
Presynaptic | [24,49] |
| Ventral Tegmental Area | eCB signaling, D2R activation | Pre and postsynaptic |
[17,19] |
| Developing auditory brainstem | Low frequency stimulation, postsynaptic calcium | Postsynaptic | [95] |
| Bi-Directional plasticity | |||
| Deep Cerebellar Nuclei | Postsynaptic rebound firing determines polarity of plasticity |
Undetermined | [64] |
| Neocortex (FSN-pyr) | Spike-timing dependent, postsynaptic calcium | Postsynaptic | [96] |
| Entorhinal Cortex (L2 neurons) | Spike-timing dependent, postsynaptic calcium | Postsynaptic? | [97] |
| Visual Cortex (L5 pyr) | Repetitive postsynaptic firing, calcium influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels |
Postsynaptic | [74] |
| Subthalamic Nucleus | Rebound burst firing, calcium influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels |
Postsynaptic | [85] |
Notes: The table focuses on recent publications providing some mechanistic insight on I-LTP/I-LTD (i.e., not all publications reporting some form of long-term inhibitory plasticity are included).
“Presynaptic” and “Postsynaptic” refers to expression mechanisms supported by experimental evidence. In some cases, such mechanisms do exclude the untested possibility that another mechanism (i.e. postsynaptic or presynaptic, respectively) may also participate.
Unless otherwise stated, studies were done in rodents (typically rats and mice).