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Monte Carlo thresholds for proportional beta change (1,000 replications). Note: The graphs show the proportionate β1 change measures for each of the items (shown along the x–axis) corresponding to the 99th quantile (cutting the largest 1% over 1,000 iterations) generated from Monte Carlo simulations under the no DIF condition. The lines connecting the data points are placed to show the uctuation across items and not to imply a series.
