TABLE 2.

Pathways Through Which Antiretrovirals Empower Users, by Global Theme: Evaluating and Enhancing HIV/AIDS Treatment Services Study, Manicaland, Zimbabwe, 2009

Basic Themes	Organizing Themes
Improved HIV management (global theme 1)
Improved ART availability. More people test for HIV. Many people living with HIV/AIDS are satisfied with the quality of health services.	Availability and quality of HIV services.
Following counseling, ART users are more likely to disclose and live positively.	Patient satisfaction, disclosure, confidence
Being able to offer effective help to people living with HIV/AIDS motivates nurses. Many nurses take pride and pleasure in seeing patients progress.	Nurses feel motivated by ART.
ART users actively participate in HIV management (global theme 2)
ART users strive to work with nurses on achieving treatment goals. ART users participate in support groups. ART users comply with health services to qualify for food aid. ART users negotiate support from nongovernmental organizations.	Patients engage with support services.
ART users have considerable knowledge about AIDS and ART, which they use to educate others. ART users actively encourage others to get tested and help them come to terms with their status.	Give advice and encourage testing
ART users lead normal and productive lives (global theme 3)
The livelihoods of ART users are often sustained through subsistence farming. Many patients take pride in their ability to actively engage in formal or informal work.	ART users are economically active and can sustain themselves and contribute to society.
Patients see themselves as living normal lives and capable of doing the same things as uninfected people. Many patients repeatedly emphasize their capacity to engage in microfinance and farming activities.	ART users seek to normalize their circumstances by rejecting differences between ingroup and outgroup
ART users construct positive identities (global theme 4)
Acceptance by many ART users of their own and their infected children's HIV status feeds into positive living. ART users want to display their positive living skills to challenge stigma.	ART users seek to resist stereotypes.
ART users avoid exposing others to the risk of HIV.	ART users construct themselves as responsible, valuable citizens.
ART users depict themselves as competent and active participants in community life. ART users compare their enhanced control over their health with those who have not yet been tested. Many ART users feel confident enough to reject stigmatizing comments and attitudes of nontested people.	Positive identity construction by asserting differences between ingroup and outgroup.

Note. ART = antiretroviral treatment.