TABLE 1.

Key Questions for Moving HIV/AIDS and Violence Programming Toward Integrated and Synergistic Approaches Within Policy, Practice, and Research

Questions	Early Approaches	Promising Approaches	Synergistic/Integrated Gender Approaches
Who is/are the change agent(s)?	Individual as change agent	Small group as change agent	Institutional, structural, or community-level change
What is/are the desired outcome(s)?	Shift in individual knowledge and attitudes	Shift in social norms and behaviors	Shift in societal structures, communities, or couple dynamics
Who is responsible for social and health changes?	Women are trained to empower themselves; men are trained to protect women	Men are asked to contribute to gender equality and to critically reflect on gender norms and inequality with other men	Men and women work together for gender equality and health endeavors
Whose views are considered?	Attention to target groups: women-only or men-only	Explore how the uninvolved group responds to programs	Incorporate men's and women's views
How is gender incorporated and analyzed?	Gender inequality theories suggest men categorically oppress women	Theories of masculinity and women's empowerment inform research	Intersectionality or a relational analysis of gender: integrate work with men and women; simultaneous recognition of gender inequality and the costs of masculinity to men