Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of TOSS and TCHAD samples
| Measure | MZ | DZ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n of individuals | mean (sd) | n of individuals | mean (sd) | |
| TOSS | ||||
| Parental Criticism: | ||||
| - Twin fathers | 251 | 16.2 (4.7) | 373 | 16.9 (5.1) |
| - Twin mothers | 512 | 17.7 (5.1) | 567 | 17.8 (5.7) |
| Externalizing Problems: | ||||
| - Children of twin fathers | 256 | 10.2 (5.3) | 371 | 11.2 (5.6) |
| 48.60 (8.76) | 50.36 (9.33) | |||
| - Children of twin mothers | 513 | 11.6 (6.0) | 570 | 11.3 (6.1) |
| 51.06 (10.04) | 50.51 (10.16) | |||
|
| ||||
| TCHAD | ||||
| Parental Criticism: | ||||
| - fathers of twins | 119 | 18.5 (6.4) | 82 | 16.9 (5.7) |
| - mothers of twins | 623 | 16.5 (5.4) | 456 | 16.7 (6.0) |
| Externalizing Problems: | ||||
| - Twin children of fathers | 110 | 10.47 (6.51) | 81 | 10.46 (5.32) |
| 49.11 (10.84) | 49.09 (8.86) | |||
| - Twin children of mothers | 629 | 9.42 (5.94) | 456 | 10.28 (5.79) |
| 47.36 (9.89) | 48.80 (9.64) | |||
Note. Mean T scores are presented in italics. T scores: less than 60 are in the normal range, 60–63 are borderline clinical, and greater than 63 are in the clinical range.