Fig. 3.

Examples of fingerprint pairs used in the study that resulted in examiner errors. Pairs B and C resulted in false positive errors: 1 of 30 examiners made an individualization decision on B (24 exclusions); 1 of 26 examiners made an individualization decision on C (22 exclusions). The processing of the latent in C (cyanoacrylate with light gray powder) tonally reversed the image so that portions of ridges were light rather than dark. Pairs X and Y resulted in false negative errors, with no true positives made by any examiner: X was excluded by 13 of 29 examiners, presumably because the latent was deposited with a twisting motion that resulted in misleading ridge flow; Y was excluded by 15 of 18 examiners; the exemplar was particularly distorted. For use in this figure, these images were cropped to reduce background area.