Histone modification during direct reprogramming. Sox1 and Oct4 promoter loci were analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation with antibodies against the epigenetic marks of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 during direct reprogramming. Samples were obtained on day 0 (D0), day 4 (D4), day 8 (D8), and day 12 (D12). Adult NPCs (aNPC) were used as a control. Blue and red bars indicate the extent of immuoprecipitation from normal IgG and each of the antimodified histone antibodies, respectively. Data are percentage of input chromatin amount, analyzed by qPCR (mean ± SEM, n = 3).