A: concordant activation of Akt and of p70S6K in airway smooth muscle, as reflected in their concordant phosphorylation detected immunohistochemically. Airway smooth muscle in bronchial sections from asthmatic subjects (R47, R68, and R70) has strong immunoreactivity (brown color) for both phospho-Akt and phospho-p70S6K, whereas the muscle bands present in the airway section from asthmatic subject R62 have little to no immunoreactivity for either active enzyme. Generally, less muscle is apparent in each of the nonasthmatic individuals (R56, R58, R64), and generally less Akt and p70S6K activation is apparent in the airway muscle bundles of the nonasthmatic subjects than in those of the asthmatic subjects. Nonetheless, Akt and p70S6K still appear to remain concordant in airway muscle of nonasthmatic subjects. B: immunohistochemical stains for GSK3β and phosphorylated GSK3β in airways from the same subjects shown in A. There is little immunoreactivity for total GSK3β and almost no immunoreactivity for phosphorylated GSK3β in ASM; staining of non-ASM compartments in these immunostains serve as internal positive controls. Magnification, ×200.