Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of Dependent and Independent Variables in Wave 1 and Wave 2
| Variable | Wave 1
|
Wave 2
|
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full Sample | ROWE | Non-ROWE | Δ R–N | Full Sample | ROWE | Non-ROWE | Δ R–N | |||||||
| Mean or % | SD | Mean or % | SD | Mean or % | SD | Mean or % | SD | Mean or % | SD | Mean or % | SD | |||
| Dependent Variables | ||||||||||||||
| Schedule Control | 3.222 | (.736) | 3.411 | (.731) | 3.035 | (.693) | .376*** | 3.422 | (.825) | 3.733 | .737 | 3.116 | (.793) | .616*** |
| Change in Schedule Control | .200 | (.702) | .321 | .742 | .081 | (.638) | .240*** | |||||||
| Work-Family Conflict | 3.145 | (.961) | 3.194 | (.969) | 3.097 | (.952) | .097 | 2.983 | (.957) | 2.920 | .944 | 3.046 | (.966) | −.127 |
| Negative Work-Family Spillover | 2.916 | (.651) | 2.994 | (.667) | 2.838 | (.626) | .157** | 2.879 | (.647) | 2.875 | .640 | 2.882 | (.654) | −.007 |
| Work-Schedule Fit | 5.279 | (1.285) | 5.233 | (1.287) | 5.325 | (1.282) | −.092 | 5.317 | (1.290) | 5.570 | 1.203 | 5.067 | (1.326) | .503*** |
| Time Adequacy | 5.083 | (1.902) | 4.973 | (1.959) | 5.192 | (1.841) | −.219 | 5.232 | (1.873) | 5.337 | 1.939 | 5.127 | (1.802) | .210 |
| Personal and Family Characteristics | ||||||||||||||
| Women with Children at Home | 16.9 | 21.5 | 12.4 | 9.1** | ||||||||||
| Women without Children | 32.4 | 27.2 | 37.6 | −10.4** | ||||||||||
| Men with Children at Home | 18.4 | 20.2 | 16.7 | 3.5 | ||||||||||
| Men without Children | 32.2 | 31.1 | 33.3 | −2.2 | ||||||||||
| Age (percent) | ||||||||||||||
| 20 to 29 Years | 45.6 | 36.4 | 54.6 | −18.2*** | ||||||||||
| 30 to 39 Years | 39.3 | 44.0 | 34.6 | 9.4* | ||||||||||
| 40 to 60 Years | 15.1 | 19.5 | 10.8 | 8.8** | ||||||||||
| Job Characteristics | ||||||||||||||
| Percent Exempt | 95.4 | 97.7 | 93.1 | 4.5** | ||||||||||
| Income | 4.202 | (1.517) | 4.348 | (1.484) | 4.059 | (1.537) | .289* | |||||||
| Tenure | 4.306 | (3.198) | 4.716 | (3.303) | 3.902 | (3.042) | .814** | |||||||
| Job Level | ||||||||||||||
| Non-supervisory Employee | 67.3 | 61.9 | 72.5 | −10.6** | ||||||||||
| Manager | 19.4 | 20.5 | 18.3 | 2.2 | ||||||||||
| Senior Manager and Up | 13.3 | 17.5 | 9.2 | 8.4** | ||||||||||
| Competing Explanations and Changes | ||||||||||||||
| Total Hours | 48.151 | (6.807) | 47.977 | (7.045) | 48.324 | (6.570) | −.347 | |||||||
| Job Demands | 2.949 | (.498) | 2.989 | (.487) | 2.910 | (.506) | .080 | |||||||
| Decision Authority | 2.913 | (.518) | 2.922 | (.525) | 2.903 | (.512) | .019 | |||||||
| Skill Discretion | 2.921 | (.456) | 2.975 | (.434) | 2.866 | (.470) | .109** | |||||||
| Manager Support | 3.543 | (.914) | 3.507 | (.941) | 3.579 | (.887) | −.072 | |||||||
| Supportive Organizational Culture | 3.403 | (.622) | 3.342 | (.622) | 3.464 | (.616) | −.122* | |||||||
| Life Change within Six Months | 16.0 | 12.9 | 19.0 | −6.0* | ||||||||||
| Job Change within Six Months | 13.3 | 10.9 | 15.7 | −4.8 | ||||||||||
Note: Total N = 608; ROWE N = 302; Non-ROWE N = 306. Δ R–N = difference between ROWE and non-ROWE.
*
p <.05;
**
p <.01;
***
p <.001 (two-tailed tests).