Neurons exhibiting strong rank selectivity together with concordant modulation in at least one control task. Top: SMA neuron selective for the first rank. Middle: SEF neuron selective for the second rank. Bottom: dlPFC neuron selective for the third rank. Top: dlPFC neuron, selective for the first rank, which also fired maximally at the beginning of the trial in the long delay task. Middle: pre-SMA neuron, selective for the second rank, which also fired maximally in the middle of the trial in the long delay task. Bottom: SMA neuron, selective for the third rank, which also fired maximally when a large reward was impending (in the variable reward task) and at the end of the trial (in the long delay task). Alignment events are the same as in Fig. 3.