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. 2011 Mar 9;105(5):2289–2296. doi: 10.1152/jn.00966.2010

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Blockade of cAMP and phospholipase C (PLC) signaling was required to reduce VIP-induced phase shifts. A–C: representative actograms of PER2::LUC rhythms with treatment of 1 μM VIP alone (A), VIP with 2 μM MDL-12,300a [MDL; inhibitor of adenylate cyclase (AC)] + 10 μM U-73122 (inhibitor of PLC) (B), and VIP with 100 μM 9-(tetrahydro-2furyl)-adenosine (THFA; inhibitor of AC) + 10 μM U-73122 (C), respectively. The inhibitor cocktails were applied 1 h before the VIP application at CT12. D: the phase shift (means ± SE) of PER2::LUC rhythms by VIP applied at CT12 was significantly attenuated by the combination of AC and PLC inhibitors (*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA with Scheffé post hoc test). E: in the absence of VIP, the inhibitors induced little to no phase shifts (n = 25, compared with vehicle-treated cultures, P > 0.05). The number of cultures recorded is shown for each treatment.