Table 4.
Associations between biological and lifestyle factors and health outcomes at ages 0 to 8, in the total population.
| Asthma symptoms |
Poor general health |
Frequent respiratory infections |
Overweightr | Obesity | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biological factors | ORa | (CIb) | ORa | (CIb) | ORa | (CIb) | ORa | (CIb) | ORa | (CIb) |
| Siblings | ||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 1.14 (1.01-1.29) | 0.90 (0.80-1.01) | 1.15 (1.02-1.30) | 1.08 (0.93-1.25) | 1.00 (0.73-1.36) | |||||
| Maternal age at birth | 0.98 (0.96-0.99) | 0.95 (0.94-0.97) | 0.98 (0.96-0.99) | 0.99 (0.97-1.02) | 0.99 (0.94-1.04) | |||||
| Birthweight | 0.77 (0.68-0.87) | 0.78 (0.70-0.88) | 0.87 (0.77-0.97) | 1.95 (1.69-2.25) | 1.91 (1.29-2.82) | |||||
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||||||
| Smoking during pregnancy | ||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes c | 1.32 (1.11-1.57) | 1.29 (1.11-1.50) | 1.31 (1.13-1.52) | 1.25 (1.02-1.53) | 1.95 (1.36-2.80) | |||||
| Smoking in the home | ||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yesd | 1.14 (0.99-1.32) | 1.12 (0.98-1.29) | 1.12 (0.98-1.28) | 1.23 (1.03-1.48) | 1.73 (1.23-2.42) | |||||
| Breastfeeding | ||||||||||
| > 16 weeks | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 1-16 weeks | 1.37 (1.19-1.58) | 1.21 (1.06-1.39) | 1.28 (1.11-1.47) | 1.08 (0.91-1.29) | 1.44 (0.95-2.18) | |||||
| Never | 1.52 (1.26-1.83) | 1.32 (1.11-1.57) | 1.60 (1.34-1.91) | 1.25 (0.98-1.59) | 1.81 (1.07-3.04) | |||||
| Day-care centre attendance | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No e | 1.11 (0.96-1.29) | 1.54 (1.31-1.81) | 1.08 (0.93-1.24) | 1.43 (1.16-1.78) | 2.28 (1.45-3.58) | |||||
a odds ratio of GEE analyses, adjusted for sex
b 95% confidence intervals of the odds ratio
c smoking by the mother during at least the first four weeks of pregnancy
d smoking by anyone in the home more than once a week
e no means < 4 hours per week
f overweight includes obesity