Fig. 4.

Effects of pharmacological inhibitors of signal transduction pathways activated by muscarinic M₃ receptors in astrocytes on carbachol-mediated fibronectin expression. Astrocytes were treated with 24 h with carbachol (Carb; 1 mM) in the absence or presence of the indicated inhibitors at the shown concentrations. At the end of the incubation, cells were fixed and the total extracellular fibronectin levels were quantified by immunocytochemistry coupled with confocal microscopy. Bars represent the normalized mean (± S.E.) of triplicate coverslips (10 field per coverslip) from three separate experiments. * Significantly different from carbachol alone, p<0.01.