Fig. 1.

The relationship between different domains of renal dysfunction and the different renal markers. The presence of albumin in urine denotes glomerular dysfunction and the presence of low-molecular-weight (LMW) proteins (β2M [beta 2 microglobulin] and/or RBP [retinol binding protein]) indicate tubular dysfunction. NAG (N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase) and BBA (Brush Border antigen) signify renal microtissue damage. Reduced glomerular filtration as assessed from creatinine clearance denotes global kidney dysfunction.