Table 4.

Levels of renal markers in the present study compared with published literature

Study and cohort		Serum creatinine	Urine albumin	RBP μg/g creatinine	β2M μg/g creatinine	Fibronectin μg/g creatinine	BBA U/g creatinine	NAG U/g creatinine
Upper reference limit		1.5 mg/dL	20 mg/g creatinine	130 μg/g creatinine	300 μg/g creatinine	250 μg/g creatinine	8.3 U/g creatinine	5.0 U/g creatinine
Franchini et al. [13]	Cobalt-exposed workers, n = 26		4.45 mg/g creatinine	42.1 μg/g creatinine	120.8 μg/g creatinine		2.44 U/g creatinine
	Control workers, n = 35		4.01 mg/g creatinine	45.8 μg/g creatinine	85.8 μg/g creatinine		2.64 U/g creatinine
Voskaridou et al. [31]	Hbs/β-Thal patients, n = 87	0.8	454.5 mg/24 h proteinuria					6.6 U/day
	Controls, n = 30	0.7	57.4 mg/24 h proteinuria					2.0 U/day
Mutti et al. [21]	Normal subjects, n = 300		5.1 mg/g creatinine	38.1 μg/g creatinine	98 μg/g creatinine		3.5 U/g creatinine	57.2 mmol/g creatinine
Idasiak-Piechocka et al. [16]	Chronic glomerulonephritis patients, n = 55					245.0 ng/mmol creatinine
	Healthy subjects, n = 19					100.7 ng/mmol creatinine
Present study	Patients with MOM, n = 31	1.1 mg/dL	10.4 mg/g creatinine	49.9 μg/g creatinine	112.0 μg/g creatinine	154.6 μg/g creatinine	1.5 U/g creatinine	1.7 U/g creatinine
	Controls, n = 30		5.2 mg/g creatinine	50.1 μg/g creatinine	98 μg/g creatinine	183 μg/g creatinine	3.3 U/g creatinine	3.2 U/g creatinine

RBP = retinol binding protein; β2M = beta 2 microglobulin; BBA = Brush Border antigen; NAG = N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase; MOM = metal-on-metal.