Table 1.

Resolvins and Protectins in Animal Disease Models^*

Disease model	Species	Action(s)	References
Resolvin E1
Periodontitis	Rabbit	Reduces neutrophil infiltration; prevents connective tissue and bone loss; promotes healing of diseased tissues; regenerates of lost soft tissue and bone	[32]
Peritonitis	Mouse	Stops neutrophil recruitment; regulates chemokine/cytokine production Promotes lymphatic removal of phagocytes	[11, 18, 25]
Dorsal air pouch	Mouse	Stops neutrophil recruitment	[1]
Retinopathy	Mouse	Protects against neovascularization	[28]
Colitis	Mouse	Decreases neutrophil recruitment and proinflammatory gene expression; improves survival; reduces weight loss	[31]
	Mouse	Reduces weight loss, colon shortening and thickening, and PMN infiltration	[110]
Bacterial infection (P. gingivalis)	Rat	Reduces edema formation and PMN infiltration. Reduces kinin B1 receptor and TNF-α expression	[111]
Corneal injury	Mouse	Reduces PMN and MF infiltration. Regulates IL-1β, TNF-α, and VEGF Protects against eye neovascularization	[98]
Insulin resistance and Fatty Liver Disease	Mouse	Protects against hepatic steatosis. Reduces macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue. Increases adiponectin, GLUT-4, IRS-1, and PPAR-γ	[112]
Asthma	Mouse	Reduces airway leukocyte infiltration and expedites airway inflammation resolution. Reduces IL-23, 27, 6, and LTB4 release. Increases IFN-g and LXA4 Improves lung function	[113]
	Mouse	Reduces airway leukocyte infiltration and expedites airway inflammation. Reduces IgG E and IL-13	[114]
Resolvin D1
Peritonitis	Mouse	Stops neutrophil recruitment	[19, 21]
Dorsal skin air pouch	Mouse	Stops neutrophil recruitment	[2, 19]
Kidney ischemia-reperfusion	Mouse	Protects from ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney damage and loss of function; regulates macrophages and protects from fibrosis	[107]
Retinopathy	Mouse	Protects against neovascularization	[28]
Corneal injury	Mouse	Reduces PMN and MF infiltration. Regulates IL-1β, TNF-α, and VEGF Protects against eye neovascularization	[98]
Hind limb ischemia/second organ injury	Mouse	Reduces neutrophil infiltration into the lungs	[27]
Peritonitis	Mouse	Reduces neutrophil infiltration	[115]
Protectin D1
Peritonitis	Mouse	Stops neutrophil recruitment; regulates chemokine/cytokine production Promotes lymphatic removal of phagocytes Regulates T-cell migration	[11, 18, 25, 116]
Asthma	Mouse	Protects from lung damage, airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness	[117]
	Human	Protectin D1 is generated in humans and appears to be diminished in asthmatics	[117]
Kidney ischemia-reperfusion	Mouse	Protects from ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney damage and loss of function; regulates macrophages and is anti-fibrotic	[107]
Retinopathy	Mouse	Protects against neovascularization	[28]
Ischemic stroke	Rat	Stop leukocyte infiltration, inhibits NF-κB and cyclooxygenase-2 induction	[23]
Alzheimer’s disease	Human	Diminished protectin D1 production in human Alzheimer’s disease	[118]
Insulin resistance and Fatty Liver Disease	Mouse	Increase adiponectin	[112]
Ischemic renal injury	Mouse	Reduces kidney neutrophil infiltration. Increases hemeoxygenase-1 expression	[119]

^*The actions of each of the main resolvins and protectins, i.e., RvE1, RvD1 and PD1, were confirmed with compounds prepared by total organic synthesis (see text and cited references for further details).