A broad range of stimuli including microbial components, tissue antigens (mannosylated antigens, glycoconjugate), and apoptotic cells interact with specific receptors on DCsand program DCs to a tolerogenic state. Various anti-inflammatory cytokines and immunosuppressive agents also programDCs to acquire tolerogenic properties and promotethe induction of IL-10, IDO, and TGF-β that are critical for promoting T-regulatory response, orinducethe expression cell surface molecule such as ILT3/4, PDL1/2, ICOS-L, B7.H, CD95L that promotes T-cell anergy or deletion.