Table 3.

Diagnostic comparisons between adults and pupae of Macrosaccus and Phyllonorycter.

Character	Macrosaccus	Phyllonorycter
Sternum 8	Unmodified (not extended)	Caudally extended
Male genitalia: apex of tegumen	With 2 setae	No setae
Male genitalia: saccus	Saccus longer than valva in all species	Saccus shorter than valva except in two Afrotropical species
Male genitalia: setation of valva	Only apex of valva densely covered with elongate, stout setae	Other types of setation
Male genitalia: aedeagus	ca. 2× as long as genital capsule from apex of tegumen to anterior end of vinculum	Significantly shorter except in three Afrotropical species
Female genitalia: signum	Consisting of numerous microscopic spicules scattered or in linear series on subcaudal part of corpus bursae	Signa not scattered, often confined to 1–2 moderately sclerotized, oval areas
Forewing venation	Rs4 arises either from base of Rs3 or is stalked with Rs3	Rs3 and Rs4 separate
Pupa: accessory cremaster of sternum 7	An elongate, transverse ridge bearing 18-21 oblique rows of minute spines	No transverse ridge; instead located midventrally, with 1-2 pairs of lateral spines