Table 1.
Presence of neuropeptides in the gonads of vertebrates. GnRH isoforms appear to be highly conserved across vertebrates, but there are large gaps in our knowledge of the evolution of other gonadal neuropeptides.
| Neuropeptide | Protochordates | Agnathans | Fish | Amphibians | Reptiles | Birds | Mammals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lGnRH-I/lGnRH-III | Gazourian et al. (1997) | ||||||
| sGnRH | Madigou et al. (2002) | ||||||
| cGnRH-II | Di Fiore et al. (2000) | Andreyu-Vieyra (2000) | Sun et al. (2001) | Kang et al.(2001) | |||
| mGnRH/GnRH-I | Di Fiore et al. (2000) | Hsueh et al. (1981) | Minucci et al. (1986) | Hertelendy et al. (1982) | Clayton et al. (1979) | ||
| GnIH | Bentley et al. (2008) | Zhao et al. (2010) | |||||
| CRH | Garcia-Reyero (2009) | Huang et al.(1995) | |||||
| TRH | Geris et al. (2000) | Pekary et al. (1980) | |||||
| GHRH | McRory et al. (1995) | Campbell and Scanes (1992) | |||||
| VIP | El-Gehani et al. (1998) | ||||||
| Oxytocin | Kawada et al. (2008) | Nicholson et al. (1984) | |||||
| PACAP | McRory et al. (1995) | Arimura et al. (1991) | |||||
| POMC | Masini et al. (1997) | Shen et al. (2003) | Endo and Park (2004) | Takeuchi et al. (1999) | Pintar et al. (1984) | ||
| ANP | Akiho et al. (1995) | ||||||
| NPY | MacDonald and Volkoff (2009) | Achi et al. (1995) | Terado (2006) | ||||
| Secretin | Ohta et al. (1992) | ||||||
| Substance P | Schulze et al. (1987) |
GnRH, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone; lGnRH, isoforms from lamprey; sGnRH, salmon; cGnRH-II, chicken; mGnRH/GnRH-I, mammals; GnIH, Gonadotropin inhibiting hormone; CRH, Corticotropin releasing hormone, TRH, Thyrotropin releasing hormone; GHRH, Growth hormone releasing hormone; VIP, Vasoactive intestinal peptide; PACAP, Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide; POMC, Pro-opiomelanocortin; ANP, Atrial natriuretic peptide; NPY, Neuropeptide Y.