TABLE 3.
Mean differences (and 95% CIs) in BMI, waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure and the risk (odds ratios and 95% CIs) of overweight and central adiposity in mothers 16 y after pregnancy by Institute of Medicine (IOM) categories of gestational weight gain1
| Outcome and IOM category | No. of subjects | Model 12 | Model 23 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1397 | ||
| Low | −1.50 (−2.07, −0.93) | −1.56 (−2.12, −1.00) | |
| Recommended | Reference | Reference | |
| High | 3.19 (2.54, 3.83) | 2.90 (2.27, 3.52) | |
| WC (cm) | 978 | ||
| Low | −3.02 (−4.56, −1.48) | −3.37 (−4.91, −1.83) | |
| Recommended | Reference | Reference | |
| High | 6.26 (4.54, 7.98) | 5.84 (4.15, 7.54) | |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 2200 | ||
| Low | −1.01 (−2.49, 0.47) | −0.94 (−2.42, 0.22) | |
| Recommended | Reference | Reference | |
| High | 3.32 (1.67, 4.96) | 2.87 (1.22, 4.52) | |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 2200 | ||
| Low | −0.50 (−1.41, 0.40) | −0.47 (−1.38, 0.45) | |
| Recommended | Reference | Reference | |
| High | 1.21 (0.21, 2.22) | 1.00 (−0.02, 2.01) | |
| Overweight,4 BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 1397 | ||
| Low | 0.56 (0.44, 0.72) | 0.54 (0.41, 0.70) | |
| Recommended | Reference | Reference | |
| High | 3.67 (2.70, 4.99) | 3.58 (2.61, 4.93) | |
| Central adiposity,4 WC ≥ 80 cm | 978 | ||
| Low | 0.69 (0.51, 0.92) | 0.65 (0.47, 0.88) | |
| Recommended | Reference | Reference | |
| High | 2.64 (1.79, 3.90) | 2.67 (1.78, 4.01) |
The results were obtained from linear or logistic regression models. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.
Adjusted for maternal age at outcome assessment, gestational age, and offspring sex.
Adjusted for maternal age at outcome assessment, gestational age, offspring sex, head of household, social class, parity, smoking, energy intake and physical activity in pregnancy, mode of delivery, duration of breastfeeding, and current smoking.
Values are odds ratios (95% CIs); the reference (null) is 1, with values >1 indicating a greater risk and values <1 indicating a reduced risk.