TABLE 4.
Mean differences (and 95% CIs) in BMI, waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure and the risk (odds ratios and 95% CIs) of obesity in mothers 16 y after pregnancy by prepregnancy weight and gestational weight gain (GWG) with results stratified by prepregnancy BMI1
| GWG 19–28 wk (per 400-g/wk change)2 |
GWG ≥29 wk(per 400-g/wk change)2 |
||||||
| No. of subjects | Prepregnancy weight (per 1-kg difference) | GWG 0–18 wk (per 400-g/wk change)2 | Prepregnancy BMI < 25 kg/m2 | Prepregnancy BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | Prepregnancy BMI < 25 kg/m2 | Prepregnancy BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1397 | ||||||
| Model 13 | 0.34 (0.33, 0.36) | −2.02 (−3.64, −0.39) | 2.21 (1.66, 2.76) | −0.95 (−2.63, 0.73) | 1.97 (1.42, 2.53) | ||
| Model 24 | 1.36 (0.88, 1.83) | 1.50 (0.98, 2.02) | −0.50 (−2.03, 1.04) | 0.82 (0.29, 1.34) | |||
| Model 35 | 0.33 (0.32, 0.35) | 1.38 (0.91, 1.86) | 1.51 (0.98, 2.04) | −0.40 (−2.05, 1.25) | 0.91 (0.39, 1.43) | ||
| P for interaction | 0.28 | 0.001 | 0.30 | ||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 978 | ||||||
| Model 13 | 0.73 (0.68, 0.79) | −1.54 (−6.09, 3.01) | 3.33 (1.55, 5.10) | 4.77 (3.32, 6.21) | |||
| Model 24 | 3.93 (2.51, 5.34) | 3.50 (2.02, 4.99) | 1.76 (0.34, 3.19) | ||||
| Model 35 | 0.73 (0.67, 0.78) | 3.82 (2.39, 5.24) | 3.59 (2.09, 5.10) | 1.99 (0.54, 3.43) | |||
| P for interaction | 0.92 | 0.26 | 0.24 | ||||
| SBP (mm Hg) | 2200 | ||||||
| Model 13 | 0.36 (0.30, 0.42) | −3.65 (−7.54, 0.24) | 3.11 (1.34, 4.88) | −3.15 (−6.93, 0.63) | 2.13 (0.78, 3.48) | ||
| Model 24 | 0.73 (−0.82, 2.28) | 2.67 (0.73, 4.61) | −3.26 (−7.44, 0.92) | 1.00 (−0.73, 2.72) | |||
| Model 35 | 0.34 (0.28, 0.40) | 0.67 (−0.88, 2.23) | 2.28 (0.31, 4.25) | −1.71 (−6.05, 2.63) | 1.02 (−0.73, 2.77) | ||
| P for interaction | 0.89 | 0.03 | 0.17 | ||||
| DBP (mm Hg) | 2200 | ||||||
| Model 13 | 0.16 (0.12, 0.19) | −1.95 (−4.33, 0.42) | 1.88 (0.77, 2.99) | −2.68 (−4.83, −0.53) | 1.63 (0.69, 2.58) | −0.56 (−2.24, 1.12) | |
| Model 24 | 0.18 (−0.78, 1.14) | 1.76 (0.54, 2.99) | −2.88 (−5.29, −0.48) | 0.50 (−0.71, 1.71) | 1.47 (−0.85, 3.80) | ||
| Model 35 | 0.14 (0.11, 0.18) | 0.15 (−0.81, 1.11) | 1.70 (0.46, 2.94) | −2.48 (−5.02, 0.06) | 0.54 (−0.69, 1.77) | 1.58 (−0.85, 4.00) | |
| P for interaction | 0.81 | 0.002 | 0.08 | ||||
| Overweight/obesity,6 BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 1397 | ||||||
| Model 13 | 1.17 (1.15, 1.20) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.25) | 1.84 (1.41, 2.42) | 2.33 (1.84, 2.96) | |||
| Model 24 | 2.30 (1.65, 3.20) | 2.32 (1.63, 3.32) | 1.48 (1.02, 2.14) | ||||
| Model 35 | 1.17 (1.15, 1.20) | 2.27 (1.65, 3.20) | 2.31 (1.60, 3.36) | 1.57 (1.07, 2.31) | |||
| P for interaction | 0.35 | 0.98 | 0.71 | ||||
| Central adiposity,6 WC ≥ 80 cm | 978 | ||||||
| Model 13 | 1.17 (1.14, 1.20) | 1.01 (0.72, 1.41) | 2.19 (1.51, 3.18) | 0.47 (0.08, 2.66) | 2.35 (1.70, 3.23) | 0.96 (0.28, 3.28) | |
| Model 24 | 1.95 (1.29, 2.94) | 1.74 (1.12, 2.71) | 0.21 (0.03, 1.67) | 1.76 (1.13, 2.75) | 1.28 (0.19, 8.43) | ||
| Model 35 | 1.17 (1.14, 1.20) | 1.92 (1.25, 2.94) | 1.91 (1.20, 3.04) | 0.01 (0.00, 8.35) | 1.96 (1.22, 3.14) | 5.64 (0.91, 35.07) | |
| P for interaction | 0.58 | 0.04 | 0.07 | ||||
The results were obtained from linear or logistic regression models. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.
A 400-g/wk change is the recommended rate of GWG in women with a normal prepregnancy BMI.
Adjusted for maternal age at outcome assessment and offspring sex.
Adjusted for maternal age at outcome assessment, offspring sex, prepregnancy weight, and GWG in previous exposure periods.
Adjusted for maternal age at outcome assessment, offspring sex, prepregnancy weight, GWG in previous exposure periods, head of household, social class, parity, smoking, energy intake and physical activity in pregnancy, mode of delivery, duration of breastfeeding, and current smoking.
Values are odds ratios (95% CIs); the reference (null) is 1, with values >1 indicating a greater risk and values <1 indicating a reduced risk.