TABLE 4.
Multilevel multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (and 95% CIs) of overweight according to quintile (Q) of monosodium glutamate (MSG) intake (n = 7192)1
| MSG intake |
||||||
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P for trend | |
| No. of participants | 1438 | 1439 | 1438 | 1439 | 1438 | |
| Median of MSG intake (g/d) | 0.63 | 1.18 | 1.76 | 2.57 | 4.19 | |
| IQR of MSG intake (g/d) | 0.42–0.78 | 1.04–1.33 | 1.63–1.94 | 2.34–2.84 | 3.58–5.58 | |
| No. of overweight participants | 86 | 159 | 162 | 208 | 209 | |
| Model 12 | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.80, 1.39) | 0.88 (0.67, 1.17) | 1.04 (0.79, 1.36) | 1.40 (1.07, 1.84) | <0.01 |
| Model 23 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.75, 1.32) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.10) | 0.96 (0.73, 1.27) | 1.33 (1.01, 1.75) | <0.01 |
1
All models were constructed by using Cox regression with gamma shared frailty over the household level. IQR, interquartile range.
2
Adjusted for age, sex, urban residence, and region (south or north area).
3
Adjusted as for model 1 plus smoking status (current or not current), alcohol consumption (yes or no), individual income inflated to 2006 (quintile), education (missing, ≤6 y, 7–9 y, or ≥10 y), physical activity (quintile), and dietary intakes (quintile) of total energy, sodium, potassium, and calcium.