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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: AIDS Care. 2011 Jun;23(6):775–785. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2010.525617

Table 3.

Association between Hard Drug Use and Risk of AIDS Progression or Death based on Cox Models for Time to Event

Recent Substance Use at Entry1 Adjusted Hazard Ratio2 95% Confidence Interval P-value
Without adjusting for non-adherence:
 Recent Hard Drug Use (Cocaine, Heroin, or Amphetamine) 2.46 (1.06, 5.69) 0.04
 Baseline Viral Load > 500 copies/mL 2.12 (1.38, 3.26) <0.001
 Karnofsky Score ≤ 80 2.01 (1.23, 3.28) 0.005
Adjusting for non-adherence reported at study entry:
 Recent Hard Drug Use (Cocaine, Heroin, or Amphetamine) 2.58 (1.11, 5.97) 0.03
 Baseline Viral Load > 500 copies/mL 2.14 (1.39, 3.30) <0.001
 Karnofsky Score ≤ 80 2.07 (1.27, 3.39) 0.004
 Non-adherence reported at entry 0.78 (0.50, 1.21) 0.26
Adjusting for non-adherence reported throughout study follow-up as time-dependent covariate:
 Recent Hard Drug Use (Cocaine, Heroin, or Amphetamine) 2.11 (0.90, 4.92) 0.08
 Baseline Viral Load > 500 copies/mL 1.92 (1.24, 2.97) 0.003
 Karnofsky Score ≤ 80 1.93 (1.18, 3.15) 0.01
 Time-updated Non-Adherence 1.84 (1.15, 2.94) 0.01
1

Defined as reported use in the 30 days prior to study entry.

2

We adjusted for baseline HIV RNA>500 copies/ml and Karnofsky score only since all other covariates (age, sex, baseline CD4, non-white status, randomized treatment status [azithromycin versus placebo], years on antiretroviral therapy at entry, and prior AIDS defining event) had p>0.20 or higher.