Table 2.

Study Characteristics of the manuscripts reviewed for reliability

Author, year (Ref.)	Sample Size	Radiographic Approach	Method of Measurement	Reliability Estimator	Observer	Value
Buckland-Wright et al., 199537	5	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Computer	CV	Intra	3.8%
	5	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Computer	CV	Intra	1.2%
	7	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Intra	3.6%
	7	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Intra	0.6%
Ravaud et al., 19969	55	Extension without fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Intra	0.95
	55	Extension without fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Inter	0.85
Pavelka et al., 20004	10	Extension with fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Intra	2.0%
	10	Extension with fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Intra	0.99
	280	Extension with fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Inter	6.6%
	280	Extension with fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Inter	0.97
Mazzuca et al., 20016	20	Extension without fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Intra	4.4%
Myazaki et al. 200212	10	Flexion without fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Intra	0.92
Pavelka et al. 200238	40	Extension with fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Intra	1.9%
	202	Extension with fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Inter	2.6%
Boegard et al. 200313	51	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Intra	2.3%
	51	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Intra	1.0%
	51	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Inter	2.7%
	51	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Inter	1.1%
Mazzuca et al. 200314	71	Flexion without fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Intra	5.8%
Sugiyama et al. 200316	10	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Computer	CV	Intra	1.5%
Vignon et al. 200317	20	Extension with fluoroscopy	Computer	ICC	Intra	0.98
	36	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Computer	ICC	Intra	0.98
Mazzuca et al. 200439	30	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Intra	0.996
	30	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Inter	0.956
Pavelka et al. 200418	89	Extension with fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Intra	3.6%
	89	Extension with fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Inter	6.5%
Pham et al. 200419	156	Extension without fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Intra	0.993
Pham et al. 200420	292	Extension without fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Intra	0.996
	292	Extension without fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Inter	0.912
Sharif et al. 200440	20	Extension without fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Intra	11.3%
Cicuttini et al. 200541	123	Extension without fluoroscopy	Computer	CV	Intra	4.8%
Conrozier et al. 200523	106	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Computer	CV	Intra	1.15%
	106	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Computer	ICC	Intra	0.99
Michel et al. 200524	284	Flexion without fluoroscopy	Computer	ICC	Intra	0.98
Szebenyi et al. 200642	60	Extension without fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Intra	0.895
	60	Extension without fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Inter	0.868
Nevitt et al. 200731	80	Flexion without fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Intra	0.90
	80	Flexion without fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Inter	0.98
	25	Flexion without fluoroscopy	Computer	ICC	Intra	0.96
	25	Flexion without fluoroscopy	Computer	CV	Intra	2.9%
Le Graverand et al. 200833	36	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Computer	ICC	Intra	0.99
	36	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Computer	ICC	Inter	0.99
	18	Flexion without fluoroscopy	Computer	ICC	Intra	0.99
Mazzuca et al. 200834	39	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Computer	CV	Intra	0.80
Gensburger et al. 200935	42	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Intra	0.89
	42	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Intra	2.9%
	44	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Manual	ICC	Inter	0.80
	44	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Manual	CV	Inter	0.8%
Kahan et al. 200936	100	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Computer	CV	Intra	1.2%
	100	Flexion with fluoroscopy	Computer	ICC	Intra	0.99