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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 May 17.
Published in final edited form as: Hepatology. 2006 Feb;43(2 Suppl 1):S151–S163. doi: 10.1002/hep.20959

Table 3.

Mechanisms of Immune Nonreactivity*

Essential

  1. Clonal exhaustion-deletion

  2. Immune ignorance

Alternative

  1. Special recipient cells: T-regulatory, suppressor, veto

  2. Antibodies: Idiotypic, “enhancing”

  3. Cytokines: Self-perpetuating combinations

  4. Inhibitory molecules: Down-regulation

  5. Graft secretions: Soluble HLA antigens

  6. Antigen presentation: Defective or deviant

  7. Anergy: Absence of second signal; or cytokine exhaustion

*

Modified from Starzl TE. J Am Coll Surg 2005;201:160–170. Reprinted with permission.