Fig. 1. .

Illustration of example 3 × 3 median and 5 × 5 hybrid median filters (HMFs). (A) Elements representing both common 3 × 3 median and average filters, where the median is obtained from the rank order of all 9 elements and the average is the arithmetic mean of the same elements, are shown. (B) For the bidirectional 5 × 5 HMF, the median values are extracted from neighborhood diagonals (gray), cross (black), and center value (red) and are used to generate a rank-ordered 3-number list from which a final hybrid median value is determined for each data element in a microtiter plate (MTP) array.