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The frequency of nip/bite behavior by dam treatment groups on PPD eight. Each bar represents least squares mean (LSM) and standard error (±SEM) for n = 80 untreated (UN), 76 intermittent saline (IS), and 70 IC-treated (IC) dams. As indicated by the asterisk, results indicate a significantly lower frequency of nip/bite in the IC-treated dams compared to both the UN (p ≤ 0.05) and IS (p ≤ 0.01).
