Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 May 17.
Published in final edited form as: Stress. 2008;11(5):398–410. doi: 10.1080/10253890701850239

Figure 8.

Figure 8

The frequency of nip/bite, aggressive posture, and maternal behavior by first generation dam (FGD) prenatal exposure condition on PPD eight. Each bar represents least squares mean (LSM) and standard error (±SEM) for n = 74 untreated (UN), 55 intermittent saline (IS), and 54 intermittent cocaine (IC) dams. As indicated by the asterisks, results indicate a significantly lower frequency of nip/bite in the IC-reared FGDs compared to UN-reared FGDs (p ≤ 0.01), and significantly elevated aggressive posture (p ≤ 0.01) and maternal behavior (p ≤ 0.05) frequency compared to IS-exposed dams.