Table 1.
Lifetime exposure to potentially traumatic events by race/ethnicity: non-institutionalized US residents (n=34 075)
| White, non-Hispanic (n=20 161) | Black, non-Hispanic (n=6587) | Asian/Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic (n=968) | Hispanic (n=6359) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any trauma*** | 83.66 (0.44) | 76.37 (1.25) | 66.38 (2.28) | 68.17 (1.17) |
| Any war-related trauma: men (n=14 324)*** | 12.89 (0.42) | 13.66 (0.99) | 19.14 (2.43) | 10.30 (1.85) |
| Combat*** | 10.01 (0.36) | 10.03 (0.89) | 5.35 (1.17) | 4.38 (0.53) |
| Peacekeeper/relief worker* | 2.04 (0.17) | 3.05 (0.39) | 1.90 (0.56) | 1.44 (0.31) |
| Unarmed civilian in war zone** | 2.02 (0.17) | 1.89 (0.37) | 7.46 (1.47) | 3.76 (0.80) |
| Refugee*** | 0.51 (0.10) | 1.43 (0.45) | 12.30 (2.24) | 4.10 (1.77) |
| Any war-related trauma: women (n=19 751)*** | 1.81 (0.15) | 2.09 (0.35) | 10.60 (1.51) | 3.94 (0.95) |
| Combat | 0.19 (0.05) | 0.42 (0.12) | 0.53 (0.34) | 0.26 (0.11) |
| Peacekeeper/relief worker | 0.15 (0.03) | 0.51 (0.25) | 0.79 (0.63) | 0.09 (0.04) |
| Unarmed civilian in war zone** | 1.32 (0.12) | 1.34 (0.27) | 7.20 (1.45) | 1.91 (0.34) |
| Refugee*** | 0.52 (0.09) | 0.53 (0.16) | 6.10 (1.23) | 2.56 (0.98) |
| Any child maltreatment*** | 11.43 (0.28) | 13.98 (0.69) | 7.78 (1.1) | 14.78 (0.86) |
| Physical abuse** | 3.42 (0.14) | 2.66 (0.22) | 2.42 (0.46) | 4.33 (0.36) |
| Neglect* | 2.97 (0.12) | 3.49 (0.28) | 1.83 (0.53) | 3.11 (0.31) |
| Witness to domestic violence*** | 9.26 (0.26) | 11.72 (0.65) | 6.46 (0.94) | 12.53 (0.82) |
| Any assaultive violence*** | 26.13 (0.43) | 29.26 (1.02) | 16.34 (1.34) | 25.56 (0.81) |
| Unwanted sex*** | 9.14 (0.28) | 9.13 (0.51) | 2.99 (0.45) | 6.49 (0.45) |
| Victim domestic violence*** | 5.90 (0.20) | 7.92 (0.46) | 3.01 (0.56) | 5.61 (0.39) |
| Attacked/beaten up*** | 8.01 (0.23) | 6.45 (0.37) | 4.62 (0.69) | 7.61 (0.58) |
| Kidnapped | 0.79 (0.07) | 1.07 (0.16) | 0.50 (0.17) | 0.72 (0.13) |
| Stalked* | 5.24 (0.16) | 6.66 (0.43) | 4.39 (0.90) | 5.05 (0.46) |
| Mugged*** | 11.13 (0.32) | 15.03 (0.82) | 8.25 (1.19) | 12.97 (0.73) |
| Any other injury or shocking event*** | 52.5 (0.58) | 46.44 (1.08) | 38.55 (1.91) | 41.26 (1.15) |
| Serious or life-threatening accident*** | 17.35 (0.36) | 16.11 (0.66) | 12.12 (1.28) | 12.57 (0.66) |
| Serious or life-threatening illness*** | 19.15 (0.33) | 14.01 (0.53) | 7.93 (1.19) | 8.89 (0.78) |
| Natural disaster** | 16.14 (0.66) | 12.97 (0.86) | 13.56 (1.69) | 15.92 (1.13) |
| Experienced terrorist attack | 0.90 (0.09) | 1.14 (0.30) | 2.04 (0.50) | 0.76 (0.17) |
| Saw someone injured/killed/discovered a dead body*** | 25.13 (0.42) | 23.25 (0.84) | 15.75 (1.53) | 19.73 (0.89) |
| Unexpected death*** | 44.65 (0.54) | 39.90 (1.18) | 25.75 (1.82) | 29.63 (1.35) |
| Any learned of trauma to a close friend/relative*** | 56.86 (0.54) | 44.82 (1.1) | 36.14 (2.28) | 36.39 (1.12) |
| Close friend or relative experienced serious or life-threatening accident or injury*** | 51.39 (0.55) | 38.25 (1.28) | 28.79 (2.07) | 30.23 (1.04) |
| Someone close experienced terrorist attack | 5.26 (0.37) | 5.64 (0.60) | 6.58 (1.04) | 4.61 (0.65) |
| Close friend or relative experienced other stressful or traumatic experience*** | 14.87 (0.33) | 12.43 (0.54) | 9.59 (1.12) | 10.30 (0.65) |
Values are given as percentage (standard error).
Significant difference for prevalence of traumatic event between race/ethnic groups, evaluated with a Cochran Mantel–Haenszel Wald F test:
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001.