Figure 2. Adjusted multinomial logistic regression analysis of risk factors for asymptomatic malaria infection or for no malaria infection compared to symptomatic malaria.

Symptomatic malaria infection was considered the primary outcome. Adjustment was performed for all variables presented. CI: Confidence interval. Individuals presenting AgHBS⁻/anti-HBS⁺/anti-HBc⁺ with no HBV DNA amplification by quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) were considered to have previous HBV infection, those presenting AgHBS⁺/anti-HBS⁻ and detectable viremia by qPCR were considered currently infected with HBV and those with AgHBS⁻/anti-HBS⁺/anti-HBc⁻ were considered vaccinated against the virus. The statistical significance was estimated through multinomial logistic regression.