Fig. 3.

A dynamic model of phytoestrogen actions on modulating signaling pathways in the ovarian cancer cell. Stimulation and inhibition are respectively indicated as arrows and hammers. Abbreviations: E2, estradiol; PE, phytoestrogen; ER, estrogen receptor; ERE, estrogen response element; TF, transcription factor; P, phosphorylation; GnRH, gonadotropin releasing hormone; GnRHR, GnRH receptor; FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; FSH/LHR, FSH and/or LH receptor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; GFR, growth factor receptor; PI3-K, phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase; cAMP, cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate; CREB, cAMP response element binding protein; Raf, v-raf-1 murine leukemian viral oncogene; Mek, mitogen/extracellular signal protein kinase; PKA, protein kinase A; FasL, Fas ligand; casp8, caspase-8; casp3, caspase-3; JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase; AP1, activator protein-1; Ca²⁺, calcium ion; Ca²⁺_i, intracellular Ca²⁺.